What Is Bipolar 2, Well First Of Its A Disorder - 969 Words

What is Bipolar 2...well first of its a disorder. A mental illness that effects everyone, yes more woman then men, and is world wide. Recently has been know to be heredity in the genes. A form of mental illness that has very few manic episodes and majority down, depressed episodes. Since with people with bipolar 2 never reach the full maniac stage. Yes these are the mood swings up and down, like the brain has a switch and just turns off the high and lows. The person doesn t feel in control of their own moods, or mania. The mania can be like gambling, shopping, eating, and using drugs or alcohol. They might get hyper and talk real fast, their brain is spinning out of control and their thoughts are not put together correctly so it might sound overambitious, not right or might be rude. The person might not even know what they said and might have hurt the person they tried to help and didn t even realize it. People with mania might not be able to sleep or be up for days, and even just sleep for a couple of hours and then just keep moving. To get that so called high out of life, to release the endorphins in the brain, the sudden urge to due something dramatic. It is sad because people who don t know about bipolar think its them in control and the person is doing it on purpose, and if the person isn t on proper medication its harder for them to be in control. Well let me tell you about the negative side of the bipolar 2 the not so fun side the major depression side,Show MoreRelatedFinal Paper - Bipolar Disorder1202 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar disorder is a psychiatric disorder also known as manic depression. It is described as a category of mood disorders. Mood disorders are defined by the presence of one or more episodes known as mania and hypomania. Bipolar disorder affects about five million Americans, about 3 out of every 100 adults. This disorder had been found equally in men and women. The signs and symptoms of major depressive episode are feelings of sadness, anxiety, guilt, anger, isolationRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Mental Health Condition981 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder, or manic-depressive disorder, is a disorder characterized by extreme mood changes. An individual who suffers from this disorder can have extreme highs or extreme lows. They could go from being overly energetic and outgoing to feeling empty, depressed, angry and just completely worthless on a daily, weekly, monthly and or even yearly basis. Diagnosis, dramatic changes in one’s life, and even treatment can have a serious effect on an individual that is suffering from Bipolar disorderRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )956 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar Disorder Definition Bipolar Disorder is an increasingly common mood disorder that effects millions of people worldwide. In order to understand the plight of any psychiatric patient suffering from this ailment or to be prepared to treat this disease, it is pertinent to first fully understand what this mental disorder truly is. The first misconception surrounding bipolar disorder is that it is just one disease, contrarily it can be divided into two different sub categories. The National InstituteRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms, Syndromes, And Diagnosis994 Words   |  4 PagesWe ask ourselves what causes Bipolar disorder and what the effects are. There are about approximately 5.7 millions Americans suffering from bipolar disorde r. Many people only have a surface understanding of the disorder that is garnered from television and articles in popular publications. The best way to help yourself or anyone you know that have this condition is to understand the bipolar disorder symptoms, syndromes, and diagnosis. Then focus on the treatments of getting help and getting betterRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1155 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar Disorder Research Paper What is Bipolar Disorder? Bipolar Disorder is an increasingly common mood disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. In order to understand the plight of any psychiatric patient suffering from this ailment or to be prepared to treat this disease, it is pertinent to first understand what this mental disorder truly is. The first misconception surrounding bipolar disorder is that it is just one disease, contrarily it can be divided into two different sub categoriesRead MoreThe Social Discourse Of Bipolar Disorder1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe social discourse of bipolar disorder is often punctuated by the classic manic episodes manifesting as symptoms such as distractibility, pressured speech, decreased need for sleep, euphoric mood, grandiosity, and problems with impulse control [17]. These classic periods of high energy are often intertwined in a cyclical fashion with periods of depressive symptoms, much of the time meeting criteria for major depressive disorder, as well as periods with no symptoms [ 17]. The frequency by which aRead MoreThe Health Related Issue Bipolar Disease1049 Words   |  5 PagesThe following essay will look at the health related issue bipolar disease first previously described as ‘manic depression insanity’ was seen as different from other mental illnesses by psychiatrist Emil Krapelin in 1899 (Goodwin, Guy, Sachs, Gary, 2010).However the illness ‘bipolar’ was named in the 1960’s by psychiatrist Angsy and Perris who both understood the illness happened in mania and mood altitude (Goodwin, Guy, Sachs, Gary, 2010). According to the National Institute of Mental health in manyRead MoreThe Field Of Mental Health1739 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagnosis, where every patient may get a different form of treatment and medication. One can say that mental health disorders can be convoluted as the psychiatrists are faced with the arduous task of prescribing medication, via trial and error. Particularly because irregularities are found be tween the use of antidepressants and bipolar disorder (Bauer et al., 2013). This writer was inspired first hand while having the privilege of fulfilling an internship at Riverside County Mental Health Emergency ServicesRead MoreDo People Living With Bipolar Disorder Need Medication?1154 Words   |  5 Pagesliving with bipolar disorder need medication People living with bipolar disorder need medication to help them function at their full potential. Some people feel that people living with bipolar disorder do not need to be medicated to live a healthy fulfilling life. However to say this first a person must know what bipolar disorder is and how a person is affected by the disorder. According to Rachal Pollock PHD bipolar is described as a common recurrent, often lifelong major psychiatric disorder characterizedRead MoreWhat Is Bipolar Disorder?1546 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Is Bipolar Disorder? Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that causes uncommon shifts in mood, energy, ability to perform daily routines and another terminology is â€Å"manic-depressive illness†. According to American Psychiatric Association â€Å"Bipolar diagnosed patients can lead full and productive lives†. This isn’t by any means harmful or threatening but can be well managed, controlled and yield positives because it can be treated. How Can Bipolar Behavior Be Recognized? An individual can be in

What Influenced Elizabethan Fashion - 1293 Words

What Influenced Elizabethan Fashion There are many people and instances, like government officials, celebrities, the events of different time periods, music, and even social media that can influence the fashion and culture of an era. In early England, more specifically the Elizabethan Era, much of their culture was influenced by the Royal Family. Not only did the Royal Family have great impact on the time period, but the laws that enforced how the English were allowed to act and what they were able to wear affected their culture as well. The fashion during this time was greatly inspired by the Queen of England, Queen Elizabeth I, the citizens’ rank, and the laws set in place by the English Government. The Elizabethan Era, the time†¦show more content†¦They had no intention of going for a natural, modest, or conservative look; they strived for elaborate, artificial, stylized, and striking: â€Å"As Elizabeths wardrobe became more opulent and elaborate, with a more exa ggerated silhouette, so did that of her courtiers† (Royal Museums Greenwich). It was imperative to be fashion forward; meaning, if the Queen was wearing it, so should everyone else (who could afford it). Queen Elizabeth’s dress was similar to men’s style with broad shoulders, wide hips, and slim waists as she tried to appear more petite than she actually was. Many women during this time followed in her footsteps. Not only did the Queen have a great influence on women’s fashion, but she greatly influenced men’s fashion as well. Before the Elizabethan Era, â€Å"Mens fashion was much the same as it had been under her father and brother, favouring a broad, square silhouette with layers of garments made of rich fabrics† (Royal Museums Greenwich). After Elizabeth took the throne, the customary dress altered. Men began to wear corsets to obtain a cinched waist and stuffed peascod doublets to make their stomachs pop out and have a pointed shape. On top of this, men’s dress consisted of underclothes such as a shirt, stockings or hose, codpiece, and corset and over clothes such as a doublet, separate sleeves, breeches, belt, ruff, cloak, shoes, and hat. Another factor that impacted what the population wore during this era was their social status. Not only were womenShow MoreRelatedHow Elizabethan Fashion Has Influenced the Modern Day Fashion World612 Words   |  3 Pagesgeneration laughs at the old fashions, but follows religiously the new.† (Fashion Quotes 1) The words once spoken by Henry David Thoreau are politically correct. People often look at Elizabethan‘s choice of fashion and ridicule everything about it from the hair, down to the stockings. As it appears, fashion has always been a broad topic of discussion in the world. Whether it is NY Fashion Week or a Macy’s fashion show, fashion is something that has always been an eye catcher. Fashion has been around for manyRead MoreRenaissance Fashion Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesFashion in England during the Renaissance In today’s world most people are allowed to wear what they wish. This leads to most people having their unique fashion style. Some of today’s trending styles are an artsy, bohemian, casual, classic, or tomboy style. All of these styles are being followed because clothing stores are allowing diversity in fashion. These fashion styles also have trends that come and go. Trends come and go because nowadays people are able to easily afford these trends and hearRead MoreQueen Elizabeth Of The Elizabethan Era1369 Words   |  6 Pagespeople see others. This is why the Elizabethan people would sacrifice anything, even their health, to be beautiful. Queen Elizabeth definitely influenced the clothing of her Era and some of the clothing today by creating Sumptuary Laws, clearly dividing the social classes, and by raising the importance of body image. Unlike today, in the Elizabethan Era, money was not the most important thing. Though money was an aid in being in the upper class, the title you held was what determined your social statusRead More History of Fashion Essay638 Words   |  3 PagesHistory of Fashion Fashion has changed a great deal over the past three centuries. As history changes it seems that fashion in some aspect changes with it to adapt to the era. Even today fashion continues to change as the years go on. Looking at fashion even 20 years ago we can see a difference from what we see in our everyday lives. For the purpose of this essay Fashion will be divided into three centuries, since not every era of clothing can be touched upon. The first era of fashion history includesRead MoreEssay on Bricolage Fashion1203 Words   |  5 Pagesand the term Retro. ‘Non-moderns use bricolage to fashion new tools from available objects...Consumers fashion new identities from the resources available to them’ (Ratneshwar, 2000:132). Fashion designers find their inspiration from the past and combine styles to create new designs that are seen as different and inventive. However, many people argue that so many designers use materials, looks and styles from the past that they are re using fashion in a continuous cycle and are no longer being originalRead MoreFashion of the Elizabethan Era1955 Words   |  8 PagesFashion of the Elizabethan Era The Elizabethan era was a time period centered around the life of Queen Elizabeth I’s reign (1558-1603). This period in time is considered the peak of English history and is the beginning of when people began to think and believe differently. That brought along changes in the way people dressed. How people, particularly rich ones, dressed was just another way for them to express themselves. Social classes are also very much prominent in the era. These socialRead MoreFashion of the Times Essay1722 Words   |  7 Pagesclothing made by the Queen or for the Queen, nor did they wear the clothes straight off her back. The Elizabethan style, named after the Queen Elizabeth, is simply the clothing that came into style when she became heir. The original settlers of Jamestown, though under the reign of Queen Elizabeth’s cousin and heir- James I, the fashion they wore was still that of the Elizabethan era. During the Elizabethan Era, a law was instated called Sumptuary Law that limited the range of clothing the male and femaleRead MoreLiterature and Society1037 Words   |  5 Pagesnot play its part—small or large, directly or by deflection, giving literature the impress of its surroundings. The relation between literature and society is highly complex, and it is very difficult to determine which element of society has exerted what influence on literature. We cannot, therefore, afford to isolate a single element in society—whether economic or ideological—and assign to it a causal role in the final determination of literature. The whole of the social process—including materialRead MoreCommedia Dell Arte and Influences on Modern Theatre1140 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluences on acting today. There may be a case for re-creating Commedia Dell Arte as it was done. Even in the more old-fashioned drama school period, movement is meant to help an actor interpret a historical role. As an actor one has a duty to choose what will work for an audience and to ignore the rest. This holds a lot of the same principles of Commedia Dell Arte. The contemporary young actors most familiar performance role model is that of television. In identifying the differences between televisionRead MoreThe Elizabethan Theatre Era1205 Words   |  5 Pagestime period that A Midsummer Night’s Dream was made public, it is a large possibility that it was not performed in London, and that it was most definitely not performed as a small production in an Inn-yard, or even an indoor playhouse. The Elizabethan Theatre Era Prior to the rule of the Queen Elizabeth I, acting was not seen as a serious profession. Most of the players (unless they were summoned to the King’s court) were working men, who held everyday jobs in addition to being entertainers

Economic Environment Marketing Strategy

Question: Write about theEconomic Environment for Marketing Strategy. Answer: The thesis statement for this essay, appraises the environment of international marketing as well as the economic environment of a country considering an enterprise. In the recent economic environment the business market globally is seriously competitive and unpredictable. Steps undertaken by newly constructed enterprise inside such a domain is made with fear and all parts required with the improvement of the concerned business ought to be examined precisely before setting up a venture (Grant 2016). This is especially the situation while considering business out of sight of an outside commercial center for an administration, or item. For this procedure the level of examination must be expanded to guarantee all parts of business are considered comprehensively. There are numerous unpredictable variables included while evaluating a universal market condition including the financial suitability of the item, potential market dangers and the general expenses to the organization of the advancement (Glasson, Therivel and Chadwick 2013). The key, calculate the examination is the financial condition of the nation into which the item, or administration is being promoted; this is the most vital thought. There are different elements which should likewise be considered. These incorporate the condition of the worldwide economy and the decrease in global exchange hindrances. To display a completely adjusted contention it is likewise imperative to address a nearby meaning of the expression 'monetary condition' and framework what is implied by advertising methodology. By a detailed examination of these issues this exposition will reason that it is the 'monetary condition' of a nation that is the essential concentration for a promoting procedure. The creator states that it is the cost of the individual item which is the key driving variable in the achievement or disappointment of a venture he does likewise embrace the way that this evaluating ought to be set to fit inside the financial condition of a nation (Suskind and Ali 20 14). The variance of universal markets and the weight of rivalry make the assessment of worldwide showcasing fascinating as well as trying and fulfilling. The result of globalization is the diminishment of obstructions to universal business; thus, various neighborhood organizations choose to cross the fringe and work in remote markets (Mander 2014). Organizations like Coca-Cola, IBM, and Microsoft have brands that are perceived over the globe. With a significance of universal promoting, the multifaceted nature of the issues is considerably more noteworthy; International showcasing includes perceiving that individuals everywhere throughout the world have diverse requirements. It is likewise important to comprehend territorial contrasts, thus the significance of global promoting. Gross domestic product, GNP, and per capita salary are pointers of customers' purchasing power; high numbers propose a dynamic monetary condition and a conceivably beneficial market. Support of the monetary conditi on is the most critical issue commanding the global showcasing instrument. In any case, it has been much of the time contended that the most essential of organizations' procedures don't mull over the present condition of worldwide markets while deciding their technique (Herrero et al. 2014). In spite of the fact that the monetary condition of a nation is seen as basic for global advertisers, as to the data given by financial aspects, for example, salary there are likewise various variables which we are required to consider. Consequently the economy of a nation is not the most vital thought to consider while evaluating the worldwide promoting condition. The political and authoritative condition and the social condition are two particular variables which are more vital and need specific consideration from global advertisers (Sternberg 2017). This article will diagram different contentions relating to the economical, political, legitimate and social parts of promoting inside a worldwid e point of view. The political and lawful condition at work in the host nation influences the lead of universal business in an assortment of ways. It can be basically depicted as the laws and controls that a business needs to follow with a specific end goal to ensure the entrepreneurs can work in the public eye, or have the business fined for declining to comply with a few directions. The issue is with law in a few nations are stricter than in others. For instance Europe has its novel exchange law framework. Requirement of exchange principles and controls make the exchange turned out to be more troublesome and even raise the exchange taken a toll for universal business. In addition, solid notions of patriotism can confine in global markets. For instance a "Purchase American" mentality bolsters securing U.S. makers and employments from remote rivalry. The political as well as legal operations make deterrents and impedance among individuals, items, and organizations (Chasek, Downie and Brown 2016). A c omprehension of these in the host nation is fundamental for global advertisers, so as to take into account the local governments' needs and needs. Then again, there is the contention that the financial condition can change quickly. The impact can be across the board and change the promoting arrangement. For instance, in only couple of months, Thai cash (the baht) was drifted and lost a large portion of its incentive in the late 1990s. As purchasers' genuine livelihoods dropped, they should move the way they spend. "Indeed, even an all around arranged advertising methodology may come up short if a nation experiences a quick business decrease". Conversely, consider the as of late sit out of gear U.S. economy. The past development of the economy made a solid employment advertise, expanded various earnings, and raised the estimation of ventures. The pattern of buyers' purchasing influence was expanding a direct result of this "riches impact" (Basek 2014). Considering these components some would state that financial elements are without a doubt the most essential components while evaluating a universal market. Organizations need to comprehend the monetary conditions before applying the entire advertising blend (4Ps) in an outside nation. Moreover, they neglect to consider every one of the variables of political inclusion. Right off the bat, the most unsafe of political dangers to worldwide business is inner clash, as it will negatively affect the organization's capacity to work viably and beneficially. Besides, a reasonable illustration is the fierceness of viciousness in southern Thailand, which prompted more than 2400 passing and 4000 individuals being harmed. Besides, there is an absence of proof to bolster the contention that financial variables impact promoting methodology. The presentation to potential political hazard may bring about losing a company's properties and administrative control (Mellahi, Frynas and Collings 2016). The sizes of political turmoil prompt an expansion of common unsettling influences, and there is a high possibility that the administration could fall. Accordingly, it ought not be disregarded that the political condition impacts universal marketing. There are different contentions about the political legitimate condition, for example, the favoring of neighborhood organizations over outside ones. Besides, culture is a vital piece of International Business. Edward Tylor saw culture as "that intricate entire which incorporates information, conviction, craftsmanship, ethics, law, custom, and different capacities obtained by man as an individual from society". From a universal business point of view on training, it assumes a determinant part in the assessment of national upper hand. For instance, if about 75 percent of the populace in a nation was ignorant, it is probably not going to be a decent market for a well known book. Also, "a typical dialect can unite individuals inside a characterized limit". Some say, the reason the United States turned into the biggest economy on the planet was on the grounds that it utilizes the world's most powerful dialect with more than 200 million speakers. Universal organizations are not just a method for making benefits by the misuse of worldwide promoting, additionally an extension between various countries. Moreover, it is asserted that the monetary needs are worried with promoting in many acquiring choices. Hence, promoting supervisors must consider a nation's monetary condition. The national wage of an economy is normally measured by GDP, GNP, and per capita pay. In the event that the nation's market is described by a positive development, endeavors have more chances to acquire benefits. For instance western European nations are among the universes generally prosperous. The locale's well off shoppers have pulled in global organizations' consideration and were anxious to showcase their items. A well-off nation gives a solid financial premise to universal advertising administrators to create (Markley and Koernig 2015). While it can't be denied that the economy is central point to consider while assessing the global advertising condition, the way of life is more imperative than the economy. As indicated by a KPMG think about, "26% of all mergers and acquisitions (MAs) will probably succeed in the event that they concentrated on settling social issues". For instance in 1992, Euro Disney was opened to general society, however it made many promoting and operational blunders. Disney thought little of the impact of social contrasts amongst America and Europe. Though Europeans going to a Disney amusement stop in the USA expected a genuine "The French see Euro Disney as American governmentplastics at the very least". Interestingly, when McDonald's set up their first eatery in India, they reacted to the way of life by adjusting the menu keeping in mind the end goal to suit the nearby client's eating routine (DeVill, Rajwani and Lawton 2015). Subsequently, the overarching Indian clients still can appreciate this "American" experience. The motivation behind the reason McDonald had a major achievement was that they mindful of social sensibilities. Obviously, the worldwide economy is turning into an expansive brought together market; advertisers will in any case experience contrasts amongst culture and social condition among those nations. It can be concluded that, an extensive number of outer and inward powers shape the showcasing condition, and the abroad capability of business sectors must be precisely examined. In worldwide markets it's frequently harder to completely comprehend the advertising condition factors. This may make it harder to see the dangers required specifically openings. A few nations are politically unsteady; a few nations have fundamentally unique societies. Every one of these properties demonstrates that the monetary condition is by all account not the only thought for creating universal business (Paliwoda and Thomas 2013). The market condition is more extensive and loaded with perplexity. The showcasing supervisor ought to painstakingly break down all the natural factors that can be controlled when settling on promoting choices. Reference List Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Chasek, P.S., Downie, D.L. and Brown, J.W., 2016.Global environmental politics. Westview Press. De Villa, M.A., Rajwani, T. and Lawton, T., 2015. Market entry modes in a multipolar world: Untangling the moderating effect of the political environment.International Business Review,24(3), pp.419-429. Glasson, J., Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A., 2013.Introduction to environmental impact assessment. Routledge. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Herrero, M., Thornton, P.K., Bernus, A., Baltenweck, I., Vervoort, J., van de Steeg, J., Makokha, S., van Wijk, M.T., Karanja, S., Rufino, M.C. and Staal, S.J., 2014. Exploring future changes in smallholder farming systems by linking socio-economic scenarios with regional and household models.Global Environmental Change,24, pp.165-182. Mander, J., 2014.The case against the global economy: and for a turn towards localization. Routledge. Markley Rountree, M. and Koernig, S.K., 2015. Values-based education for sustainability marketers: two approaches for enhancing student social consciousness.Journal of Marketing Education,37(1), pp.5-24. Mellahi, K., Frynas, J.G. and Collings, D.G., 2016. Performance management practices within emerging market multinational enterprises: the case of Brazilian multinationals.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,27(8), pp.876-905. Paliwoda, S. and Thomas, M., 2013.International marketing. Routledge. Sternberg, R., 2017. Creativity support policies as a means of development policy for the global South? A critical appraisal of the UNESCO Creative Economy Report 2013.Regional Studies,51(2), pp.336-345. Susskind, L.E. and Ali, S.H., 2014.Environmental diplomacy: negotiating more effective global agreements. Oxford University Press.

Sunt Leones. Stevie Smith Essay Example For Students

Sunt Leones. Stevie Smith Essay â€Å"Sunt Leones† This poem shows some of the most representative stylistic features that characterise Stevie Smith’s poetry. Economy of expression and verbal eclecticism are two of the most remarkable aspects of her poetry, but maybe the originality of Smith’s work lies especially in the way she combines her poetic comic voice with the seriousness of the subjects dealt with. â€Å"Sunt Leones† clearly exemplifies these features. The poem is a kind of theological speculation developed in a predominantly comic tone. Stevie Smith was a declared religious skeptic who (in her own words) was â€Å"always in danger of falling into belief† (NAEL, 8th edition, vol. 2, 2006: 2373). She, then, felt somewhat attracted to religious themes, and in â€Å"Sunt Leones†, she deploys an ingenious reflection about the role the lions that devoured the Christians at the Roman Coliseum could have played in the consolidation of Christianity. The importance given to the fact is clearly expressed in the final couplet, in which the word â€Å"Lionhood† (with initial capital â€Å"L†) particularly strikes our attention. We will write a custom essay on Sunt Leones. Stevie Smith specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Therefore, on the one hand, we have a serious subject matter in both religious and metaphysical terms, since the poem deals not only with Christianity but also with death itself. On the other hand, the seriousness of the theme contrasts with its verbal and formal expression. As regards the metre, the poem does not have a regular pattern: the length of the lines varies from seven up to sixteen syllables, and the rhythm is also variable. However, except in the lines 5-7, the poem follows an almost regular pattern of rhyme. It has two different effects: in some cases, there appears a rhyming iambic pentametre couplet, which is a classic literary pattern (for instance, in lines 15-16); in some other cases, the rhyming lines seems more like a nursery rhyme. It is that combination of classical and popular forms which strikes the reader. At the same time, the extensive use of enjambment provides the poem with a prose tone, thus challenging the boundaries between genres. The most clear example of enjambment appears in the lines 2-3, with a line ending in a preposition (â€Å"†¦has now been seen a / not entirely negligible part†). Eclecticism is particularly remarkable in her verbal expression, which includes complex phrases with refined vocabulary (â€Å"not entirely negligible part†, â€Å"liturgically sacrificial hue†), colloquialisms (â€Å"well†, â€Å"it appears†), journalistic expressions (â€Å"the state of things†), and even a phrase in Latin (the title). The mixture of forms and registers combines with the use of wit and humour (predominantly dark humour, as we can see in lines 11-12: â€Å"And if the Christians felt a little blue– / Well, people being eaten often do†), so that the contrast between content and form, between solemnity and irony, is the most striking feature of the poem. In short, both the content and the rhetorical devices used by the poet ultimately aim at challenging all kind of traditional patterns or beliefs, either literary or spiritual.

A Peoples History Of The United States

A Peoples History Of The United States As the British and Colonists were engaged in the Seven Years War against the French and Indians, the colonists were slowly building up feelings for their removal from under the British crown. There had been several uprisings to overthrow the colonial governments. When the war ended and the British were victorious, they declared the Proclamation of 1763 which stated that the land west of the Appalachians was to be reserved for the Native American population. The colonists were confused and outraged and the now ambitious social elite's were raring to direct that anger against the English since the French were no longer a threat. However, the social elite was a miniscule percentage of the colonial population. As documented in city tax lists, the top 5% of Boston's taxpayers controlled 49% of the cities taxable assets. The lower classes then started to use town meetings to express their feelings. Men like James Otis and Samuel Adams from the upper classes formed the Boston Caucus and thr ough their motivational speaking, molded and activated the laboring-class."The Triumph of America" - Lord Pitt drives Americ...After the Stamp Act of 1765, the British's taxation of colonists to pay for the Seven Year War, the lower-class stormed and destroyed merchant homes to level the distinction of rich and poor. A hundred lower-classmen had to suffer for the extravagance of one upper-classmen. They demanded more political democracy in which the working class could participate in making policies.In 1776 elections for the constitutional framing of Pennsylvania, a Privates Committee urged the opposition of rich-men in the convention. Even in the countryside, there were similar conflicts of rich against poor. Several riots in the New York/Jersey area were more than riots but long lasting social movements to create counter governments. Rioters were breaking into jails and freeing their friends. Soon however, the lower-classmen...

Managing Human Capital Essay Example

Managing Human Capital Essay Example Managing Human Capital Essay Managing Human Capital Essay I certify the content of the assignment to be my own and original work and hat all sources have been accurately reported and acknowledge, and that this document has not previously been submitted in it’s entirely or in part of any educational establishment. RAVIKUMAR P RATHOD. STUDENT ID: 0076LHLH0609 TASK 01: A. 1) abstract: From this report reader will able to understand HR managers role take in to consideration when there is change in external environment factors, and what human resource strategies will helps to became more competitive and how an organisation can take competitive advantage with various human resource practice within organisation. This part of the report will guide you around human resource strategies. A. 2 Key words: Role of human resource managers, organisational change, human resource practices, competition, benefits and drawbacks, communication channel, information technology and system, market, societal norms, external environment. (Words, -191) A. 3 INTRODUCTION: Human resource managers and leaders constant make efforts to accomplish successful and necessary change within the organisation. During this process, HR managers and leaders must follow certain approach to fulfil the necessary requirement to the organisation. Internal and external change can able to switch business environment. Moreover, organisational change and other development have become rife in communication for organisational leadership and management itself. However, the most important factor which affects the majority of the organisation is the competition. How accurately and fast organisation can compete with their product and services that another organisation supply. This will also analyse the organisations external environmental factors. Likewise, consumers uncertain demands and wants, and a new competitor enters into market. In the following paragraphs, this report will analyse, organisations human resource practises and role of human managers during the external change in organisations with relevant examples. For example 01, Virgin Corporation plans to enter in cold drinks business in USA. They want to launch their own brand virgin cola. As a result, many companies in US such as, coca cola and PEPSI may face more competition and they needs to do more efforts to remain their products more competitive and their share prices remain stable in the market. Moreover, new technology and information system plays vital role, because advance technology means, new products and services can be improve. Nevertheless, natural disaster or dynamic situation can made change in to organisation. Such as, gulf war or swine flu virus. John bra ton and Jeffery gold, 1999 human resource management: theory and practice, London, Mc Millen publication house. * â€Å"Market is uncertain, it change every time. It is always depend on the variety of products and consumer behaviour. As results, an organisation needs to react or lose customers. A. 4 Organisation and competition: The amount of varied competition relies on the market the organisation operates in. For example 02, Small businesses like, High street mall, city centre mall, Large size of businesses likes, Cock, PEPSI, wall mart, M amp; S. And a constant moving market where the technology is being invent fast like, cell phone market. These types of organisation and situations may boost competition externally like, * Decrease in product price * Better quality but increase in product price Large amount of investment in advertisement to increase brand loyalty and publicity. A. 4 Human resource practices at external change: The most vital part for human resource managers is planning for the external change is scanning means to examine the environmental situation to recognise scopes or potential dangers to an organisation. To ignore the external change can have divesting effect on a business. For example 03, Easter Island: misunderstanding their natural resources, the jungle in this issue; left the place unable to sustain life. Nobody knows what happen to the inhabitants. But we know why their presence became extinct. The same thing can happen to any organisation, which neglect (ignore) the external environment changes. A. 5 Information system and technology: Joseph martocchio, 2009, research in personnel and human resource management, Howard house, emeralds group publishing limited. Many organisation senior executive and mangers don’t know how technology can affect the organisation and can bring change in to organisation. So, organisation must upgrade their production firm, machinery and administration within the organisation. HR managers needs to consider regularly briefing about technology, as a result, the technology which they are using, is it right for them. This can helps to make their position more competitive in the market. For example 04, A mobile manufacture company must know about what types design, software and style are in demand in market. So, they can make their hand set more demanding and they can make their product different t han other producers. This can increase the selling ratio and company’s total revenue Moreover, having advanced and right technology can improve organisation standard and profits. This will also give opportunity to HR managers to make their organisation more challenging for their competitors. â€Å"Technology is queer thing, it brings you great advantages with one hand and it stabs you in the back with the other. † C. P. SHOW, 15 march 1971. New your times, NY Ecological and environmental issues plays vital role within organisation. Change in government’s policy for the industries can also bring major changes within organisation. Change in legislation can affect the organisation selling and purchasing policy. Robert l Mathis, john H Jackson, 2008. Human resource management, 9 Thomas learning Inc. US For example 05, * Changes in national minimum wage for the workers or inflation. * Increase in corporation and other national insurance taxes. * In addition, external trading policy and funds, grants, and initiatives. This is the sources of income for the organisation but they can bring change internally within organisation from changing trading policy. * Organisations often fundamentally challenge invited societal norms. Because organisation can suffers from support, financial and public as well. This are the sources can make major changes into organisation. Change in lifestyle and fashion can bring change. Likewise, various types of age group buy various types of products. So, change in the population affects the demand for the product. As a results, HR manager needs to considered external factors which may bring change in business, such as fashion and trend. For example 06, Change in taste, businesses must react quickly as possible. Like, * Mc Donald, offering more healthy food. Consumers are more aware about environment and are against exploitation. A. Human resource strategies and dynamic situations: Majority of entrepreneurs have gone to invest and efforts to define human resource policies, practices and procedures that comply with government legislation and consistent with their organisational culture and ethic. â€Å"John Bretton and Jeffrey gold, 1999. â€Å" Human resource management: theory and prentices â€Å"London, mac Milan press ltd p 152-70 * Major Service markets such as, fast food outlets, supermarket like ASDA and TESCO, Sainsbury’s. Majority of organisations work design are typically involve the two types of framework, mostly is Hertzberg. And some firms adopt Taylor’s. While, others are irrationalised practices. in both frameworks cost ,and labour cost are in competition due to consumers are very price sensitive. A. 7 Cost based competitive strategy : This strategy HR managers allows to sustain paying only the market – clearing wage and minimally with labour law. Most organisations pay their workers and employees as a government law. However, to take competitive advantage organisations can pay slightly more than minimum wage for workers. For example 07, In UK, for student or contingent workers minimum wage is ? . 93 per hour. However, many organisations pay six to seven pound per hour. This is higher than minimum wage. From paying more, organisation can keep contingent means part time workers who can work with flexibility and organisation can also get benefits from hiring part time workers. This helps to reduce corporate taxes. * The only firm which sustain their presence in the pressurised market condit ions that built outstanding brand identity. They can dominant market share and enjoy reputational benefits in labour market. A. 8 mix market and greater customer service strategy: Certain types of service markets such as, older care centre, hotels and BPO, where different types of customers and higher valued added customers can be targeted. There is a clear potential for job enrichment competitive dynamics than based around a mix of cost and quality based competition. * Human resource takes into count as a higher value added segments. Organisation can higher highly skilled employees with experience and or can provide necessary training to their employees, and it is simply necessary that there are profitable higher value segment and it is cost effective to invest employee training and development programmes. For example 08, Telecommunication company, when customer call to buy contract phone from the company , sales executive not only offers what customer ask but also offers many packages as per customer budget. And evermore, they also offer cheap and affordable bundle and other services such as next day delivery or in case hand set faulty or if you’re Not happy with the hand set. As results, company can keep customer for longer period and take competitive advantage by providing excellent customer service. A. 9 Expertise – driven: In today’s world, high level professional services and other knowledge intensive services, work organisation is always dealt with high level of employee discretion. High performance work system in the service sector, like, management consulting energises, banking sector, organisation typically invest to build employee skills, enhancing motivation and providing opportunities to participate. * According to Michal losey, 2005. â€Å"Resource management â€Å", Alexandria, Virginia, john Wiley amp; sons, Inc. â€Å"Committing to hiring experts, in other word, bring them into partnership. This will leads to emergent competitive strategies in their field of expertise. They plays vital role within the organisation. † For example 09, When founder of Walt Disney past away, Roy became owner of the Walt Disney, but in his hand, Disney not performing well, then Disney’s board of directors and shareholders decided to hire new chief executive officer for Disney. And Disney comes with new CEO Robert Eger. He is expert in his profession. And he increases the Walt Disney total revenue and establish new picture studio name touchstone. According to box all and steeneveld, 1999; greenwood el al, 1990; literature. It is essential to measures competitive strategy in professional services firms in federalists rather than top down kind of way. * There are much more opportunities for human resource advantage in these expertise era. Experts can perform well and trained employees while there is external change within the organisation. A. 10 Conclusion: To sum up, it is clear that, HR managers and HR practices can transform due to uncertain market and government policies. HR must parallel the needs of his or her changing organisation and with the right HR strategy. Organisation can became more adaptive and resilient, fast to change in direction and customer centred. Moreover, HR managers can promote overall success of organisation from their practises and identify the organisations goal, mission, vision, values and action plans and they can measures how well it is succeeding in all this , how organisation gain sustainable competitive advantage. (Words: 1589 excluding abstract, keywords) A. 11 Recommendations: In my opinion, organisation must invest in employee development programmes, so they can gain knowledge about organisations product and services. Furthermore, organisation should hire a young graduates who are willing to work in challenging environment with flexibility, this allows organisation to become more competitive for their competitors in market. Moreover, businesses should have advance technology which becomes more competitive and helps to take competitive advantage. PART-02: discussion on compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreements are a major cause of our inability to compete in many sector of the international market. B. 1 Abstract: From this part of report, reader will able to understand how organisations employers and trade union negotiate their agreement through collective bargaining and what are the factor affecting to compete many sector of the international market for the entrepreneurs. How types of agreements will affect the organisation and their employees. B. 2 Keywords: Human resource management , competitive advantages, compensation package, collective bargaining, international market, trade union, total revenue, union representative, negotiations, small and large scale businesses, wages and hours, promoters, agreements. Words – 135 excluding) B. 3 Introduction: According to Clive Jenkins, Barrie Sharman, 1977 collective bargaining P-156-8 Mc grew hill publication Inc. â€Å"Collective bargaining is a process whereby workers representative, employees and investors, and trade union through their representatives, treat and negotiate with a view to the conclusion of a collective agreement or rene wal there of the resolution of internal or external disputes within the organisation. † In the following paragraphs this report will analyse situation in for and against of collective bargaining in organisation and give recommendations and my opinion. In addition, a collective agreement normally in written agreement between employer and organisations union. On behalf of workers employed by the owner of the organisation, it also refers to organisations terms and condition of employment of the workers. And their right, privilege, and responsibilities within the organisation. * When employer hires workers, they can demand labour, and agree on a price for that labour. Moreover, the agreement accepted, consideration and intension to create legal relationship constitutes a bargain to which compliance can be sought in law. B. 4 INTERNATIONAL MARKET: Clive Jenkins, berry Sherman, 1977, â€Å"collective bargaining† p 156 Mc grew hill publishing Inc. During the process of negotiation between trade union and employers, employers almost always offer less than what they are willing to pay. They expect that there will be a negotiation of salary and other benefits. In international markets, there is no business without two different parties. Each may relate to different countries. Due to high demand of trade union especially when it’s higher value added segments, management’s authority and freedom are became much more restricted by negotiation rules in case of business is new to country. If trade union representatives are miss placed by the union, it can be irrational for the organisation and workers. Because during the process of agreement between employer and representatives disputes or unsuccessful negotiation can be resulted into union strike. This creates dynamic situation for the business and workers itself. * Compensation package negotiated through collective bargaining may create significant potential for polarization between workers and managers of the organisation. Furthermore, mostly negotiation in workers’ wages and salary can be became major cause for organisation in international market. For example 10, Recently, Subsidiary company of Wal-Mart, ASDA is paying some its Bangladeshi workers just ? 6. 70 for a 48 hour week. The proper living wage in the country would be ? 25. 90 per week. As a result, workers went to strike in Bangladesh their production firm, workers stop making products for ASDA. Due to this it affects international trade and organisations revenue. Source: METRO newspaper, 22 July 10. P 09 * However, collective bargaining agreements may cause disproportionate effect of relatively few active employees on the many in the bargaining unit. This is particularly the case when process involves a system wide structure of election. * It also increase bureaucratization and consume more time for making decisions. When trade union demand is high and varied it also leads to management obelised more control on organisation. And consume time to give respond to agreement. * Moreover, it also creates more difficulties for employers at small companies to have their voices heard. And it also increase management expense relates to negotiation and administration agreements. Furthermore, collective bargaining restricts organisation top management’s ability to deal directly with individual employees within organisation. This will affect the communication channel between managers and workers. It also increase dependence on the small scale businesses for particularly those requiring technological competence, they may be compromise. B. 5 employment policy: * Compensation packages through negotiated through collective bargaining agreements may became cumbersome and time consuming, requiring flexibility during negotiation process. As results, there will be increase burden on the employers to solve or define flexible plans to solve as the basic of negotiations with a trade union representative. * On the other hand, collective bargaining promotes fairness and consistency in organisations employment policies and personnel decisions within and across organisation. However, compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreements eliminate ability of management to make unilateral change in workers’ wages, working hours and other terms and condition of the organisation employments policy. According to Randall Schuler, peter j doling, 1994, international dimensions of the HR management, second edition, wad worth publishing Inc. â€Å"compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreement can make employee and employer relations worsened rather than improved under such an agreement. For instance, workers within organisation will resist innovation due to time motion study. Hig hly demand compensation packages by trade union, generally unfair and less motivating for the big investors. According to Carlos Diaz – Moreno 2002, university of Minnesota, Spain. â€Å"Negotiation between workers and entrepreneurs is major bargaining game in economics. In majority of cases, agreements are delay as the parties continue negotiations or agreements are never reached. † For example 11, Automobile Manufacture Company called TATA wants to introduce world cheapest car in India. There for they decided to build their production plat where land and taxes are in favour. They built their plant in SINGUR, WEST BENGAL. But increasingly violent protest by local workers and government forced to TATA to move their plant somewhere else. This is the major case of failure in negotiation between workers and employers at international market. As results, organisation has to face huge amount of loss and they have to stop their production plant and local workers lose their employment. * According to Merlo and Wilson, 1995. Literature review, â€Å"Delays in bargaining are the results of the uncertainty about the size of cake, and the identity of compensation packages through collective bargaining. During the process of collective bargaining agreements, trade union and board of director’s utility is not transferable. This factor captures an essential issue for the labour market negotiation. Generally, predict that workers are less patient than investors giving the firms more negotiation authority. * Negotiation process between workers and employers basically considered two factors, workers minimum wag e and working hour’s regulation. Employer must meet the requirement what government minimum wage policy law for the international market. As a result, collective bargaining agreements are major cause to our inability to compete international market because it is not necessary, workers and employers are agree to with their demand every time. In some cases, organisational external factor also make negotiation processes slow down. * In addition, during the process of compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining workers always depend on their wages and specially, in some cases, when organisation is expanding along with total revenue of the organisation, workers demand will also increase. As results, workers and trade union realise their role and importance within organisation. Therefore, workers demand to increase their compensation packages or they may threaten organisation to gone into strike. This creates dynamic situation in many sector in international market. B. 6 CONCLUSION: To sum up, it is clear from the data, that union and employers played significant role during the process of collective bargaining agreement. It may discourage to investors at international market and encourage to seeking to creates attractive work situation prevent unionization at workplace. Therefore, I agree with this statement, that compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreements are major cause of our inability to compete in many sectors of the international market. Each negotiator is searching for advantage and one has to down, as a result, inverse relationship between two parties. Compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining process can create high impact situation at international market. Total package proposal is placed on the desk with an agreement of all elements crucial for settlement from trade union and employers in many sector of international market. B. 7 RECOMMANDATION: In my opinion, during the process of compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreement, trade union must aware of the organisations profit and loss account, cash inflow ant out flow, and other balance shits and information provided in the financial reports of particular organisation with whom they negotiating. This can reduce burden from both parties and agreement in international market. Words-1538, excluding part01 and abstract, keywords and recommendation.

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Management of change (personal experience) - Essay Example Since it is nearly impossible to move from smoking twelve cigarettes a day to zero, the plan entailed a gradual reduction in the number of cigarettes from twelve to zero over time rather than a complete stop at once. I projected that stopping at once would not help as the temptation to smoke would be overwhelming (Schein, 2002). It was better to reduce the amount by two to three cigarettes in phases till I quit completely. The first phase involved the reduction from twelve to ten by October 21st 2014. This was successful though it was challenging. I kept reasoning that there was no big difference between ten and twelve. However, by sticking to the plan and focusing on the final goal, I succeeded to limit the number to ten. After achieving the objective of the first phase, I managed to reduce the number from ten to seven. However, this has been met with resistance and the body feeling deprived. It has been a challenge to move from this stage to the next. The strategy to keep the smoking sessions as far as possible has the effect of generating stress in the body (Schein, 2002). Fortunately, I have managed to plant the desire in the body system to get rid of smoking. The body is able to keep up with the chronology of change since the desired change is acceptable to the body system to maintain health. Thirdly, I have reduced the number of convenient places for smoking. For instance, I have kept cigarettes away from my car. It has helped to reduce smoking time as most of the smoking occurs when I am driving alone. I have also increased the time I spend at home with the family because the children prevent my smoking. By 18th November, it is my hope and desire that I revive serious participation in a sport of my choice. I have identified soccer as the sport as I am skilled at it and enjoy playing it a lot. By starting to play soccer again, I hope to reduce and

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Trade Unions in South Africa and Argentina Essay Introduction: South Africa is a country that is crippled by the heritage of the apartheid, this is because the struggle for democracy was a long and exhausting one (Budeli, 2009: 68). Argentina also suffered among the hands of the military regime, as the lives of ordinary people was accompanied with hunger and a forceful government (Brysk, 1994: 1). The trade union movement has been pivotal in both of the countries, as the labour movements were able to mobilise towards better countries. In this essay, South Africa and Argentinas trade union struggles will be discussed through a political-economic and historical context, and the essay will portray how these two countries share similarities and differences. South Africa: The Nationalist Party, which was a result of many Afrikaners going against the Smuts government, came into power from 1948 to 1994 (Baskin, 1996: 209). The apartheid laws came into full swing in 1948, where racial discrimination became institutionalised, which simply means that the segregation between whites and non-whites was enforced by the apartheid government (Baskin, 1996: 209). These laws played a large role in dictating which races received employment, for example in many cases jobs would be reserved for whites only, and were greatly protected (Baskin, 1996: 211). Trade unions had to struggle with political and industrial relations when trying to fight for the rights of workers (Baskin, 1996: 210). In many cases African trade unions (Black, Indian and Coloured people) were not recognised and so it was a constant fight to try and get recognised as legitimate trade unions (Baskin, 1996: 210). In 1948, the Nationalist government, removed the Industrial Conciliation (Native) Bill that was in effect under the Smut government, and it introduced the Botha Commission (Baskin, 1996: 210). The Botha Commission was greatly criticised by the government as it gave African trade unions the ability to be recognised and to receive bargaining rights (Baskin, 1996: 210). The apartheid government rejected the application of acknowledging the African trade unions, due to the relations most of them had with the African National Congress (ANC), (Baskin, 1996: 211). This was because the ANC became one of the non-white political organisations that  were going against the unjust laws that existed in apartheid South Africa (Baskin, 1996: 211). In 1954 the Minister of Labour introduced the Trade Union Council of South Africa (TUCSA), in order to gain greater solidarity from the white workers, TUCSA also made it clear that their association with African unions was non-existent in order to win over the majority of white conservatives (Baskin, 1996: 214). This brought rise to the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU), also in 1954 (Baskin, 1996: 214). SACTU, made it clear that it was in opposition of the union and political strategies that existed within TUCSA, this was because SACTU posed a large threat to TUCSA, as they argued against the control of African trade unions (Baskin, 1996: 214). SACTU embarked on a journey and agenda that involved political mobilization of the African working class as they continuously became proletarianized by the apartheid government (Baskin, 1996: 214). But to importantly strengthen the political agenda by linking up with the ANC (Baskin, 1996: 214). In 1957, SACTU sent a number of invitations to TUCSA in order to discuss ways in which African unions can be recognised and that collective bargaining for Africans could be considered, even the Minister of Labour was often invited to these discussions and yet both the minister and TUCSA, rejected all the invitations (Baskin, 1996: 224). Examples of the invitations would be that of the local committee of SACTU, appealing to TUCSA for a joint meeting to discuss a statement made by the Minister of Labour about job reservation for semi-skilled and skilled workers, it also refused the invitation given, where SACTU asked for TUCSAs support for the Treason Trials Defense Fund (Baskin, 1996: 224). Therefore this shows that the African trade unions were trying by all means to cooperate with government departments and TUCSA, but they were not interested in any way. SACTU leaders such as the president, Leon Levy and the general secretary Leslie Massina were banned, due to the fact that they were in opposition of TUCSA (Baskin, 1996: 224). By 1959, the alliance between the ANC and SACTU grew strong, as more and more people began to recognise the movement, over 46000 individuals became members of SACTU, these members were largely factory based (Baskin, 1996: 225). SACTU continued to campaign and attracted many Africans (Baskin, 1996:  225). The ANC and SACTU began to draft the Freedom Charter, which was a manifesto of what a democratic South Africa would be, where individuals would not be discriminated against because of their race, sex or disability, amongst others factors (Baskin, 1996: 228). By the time the protest in Sharpville arrived in 1960, there were many grievances that were felt by the African working class, but the main reason for the protest, was to protest against the pass laws and other factors such as constant low wages and poverty (South African History Online, 2012). Pass laws were used to control the movement of non-whites in apartheid South Africa (South African History Online, 2012). The Sharpville protest was a peaceful one and the apartheid police opened fire on the civilians which resulted in a massacre where many lives were lost and so the African unions and ANC, SACP (South African Communist Party) began to intensify when Umkhonto weSizwe, which was the military forces used and occupied by the ANC, SACP and African trade unions in the armed struggle against apartheid (South African History Online, 2012). By 1965, many of the leaders of SACTU either went into exile, executed or were imprisoned at Robben Island and so the union activity died down, as there was no one to lead the organisation (South African History Online, 2012). SACTU was instrumental in paving the way for many of the other trade unions in strengthening their struggle for the working class. The instability in apartheid South Africa, forced the United Nations to condemn the apartheid policies and to request the members of the United Nations and the international community to also condemn the South African apartheid government by stopping any economical and military business they had with South Africa (Budeli, 2009: 68). But dominant companies like Anglo American, Barlow Rand and Gencor, grew tremendously (Baskin, 1991: 113). These companies were negatively affected when non-whites decided to go on strike in 1973, their main grievance being that of low wages, this strike led to industry in South Africa come to a standstill (Budeli, 2009: 68). It became evident that the workers had gotten stronger in the sense that they were able to form pivotal stries without any formal backing from the government (Budeli, 2009: 68). This led to the growth of many unions, which by the end of 1973 resulted in the government introducing the Bantu Labour Relations Act (Budeli, 2009: 68). The act was passed in order to control and  regulate the conditions of black employees, to also regulate the disputes, prevention of disputes and settlements between black employees and their employers, in this way the government was able to belittle any relevance or influence that the African trade unions had (Budeli, 2009: 68). This did not stop the strikes from occuring as they spread through put the country, and the isolation from the international community had a negative affect on the economy of South Africa (Budeli, 2009: 69). This led to the rebirth of many trade unions such as SACTU, and later in 1976 the Soweto Uprising intensified the need for a change in South Africa (Budeli, 2009: 69). By 1979, the South African government felt the pressure from the international community and brought to the table the Weihahn Commission of Inquiry (Budeli, 2009: 69). The Commission had its first report in 1979, as it presented fundamental changes in the labour relations system (Budeli, 2009: 69). The Commission, supported the freedom for all trade unions to make up their own rukes and regulations, amongst other things (Budeli, 2009: 70). The formation of the Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU) was also in 1979, where there was central decision-making by a panel of executive committees which represent delegates from all the factories, with the sole role to promote shop floor development and organisation, FOSATU proposing that they will only work with the government, for all races to be able to register to a trade union (Baskin, 1991: 60). FOSATU paved the way for the formation of trade unions such as the National Union of Mine Workers (NUM) in 1982 led by Cyril Ramaposa (Baskin, 1991: 115). NUM was used to protest against horrid working conditions and better wages. In 1984, the government created the tri-cameral parliament, which fundamentally extended political rights and affiliation to Indians and Coloureds excluding black individuals (Budeli, 2009: 72). This made the black people very angry, and to further fight against the apartheid government strategies, the birth of the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) occurred in 1985, COSATU formally allied itself with the ANC joining the organisation in the struggle against apartheid (Budeli, 2009: 72). The birth of COSATU was accompanied by a large strike, where a record of 185 000 work days were lost, during industrial activity in January 1986  (Baskin, 1991: 77). Official government records showed that 1985 brought the highest number of strikes in the last ten years, not knowing that the next 12 months were going to be pivotal point in South Africa (Baskin, 1991: 77). Impala Platinum, were in shock when on New Years day 1986, over 36 000 workers put their tools down, at the four Imp ala Platinum mines in Bophuthatswana, this created a large problem as the four mines produced over 30% of the worlds platinum (Baskin, 1991: 77). The miners were in protest against receiving low wages and having to work over time on public holidays without being paid for the extra time, and that their living conditions should be the same as that of their white counterparts, where they are allowed to receive access to marital quarters as well (Baskin, 1991: 78). But even more important, the workers demanded that management should provide facilities to NUM even after management had refused (Baskin, 1991: 78). COSATU had to form their structures, and so they decided to take a participatory approach, where the majority of workers were delegates, and there was mass participation in the decision-making, what was most important to COSATU was to ensure that the workers were taken care and this was done at constantly looking at the grass root level (Baskin, 1991: 112). By the late 1980s COSATU began to have issues within the congress where smaller unions like NUMSA, were unhappy and also conflict with community organisers (Baskin, 1991: 112). But such internal problems did not, distract the working class from the struggle, to the extent in which the apartheid government lost their tight control over the townships, and so the regime became increasingly compromised. By the early 1990s the struggle began to dissolve with the release of Nelson Mandela and the unbanning of the ANC, SACP and PAC and all the other struggle organisations that were involved (Budeli, 2009: 73). Argentina: The military government came into power in 1943, at this time Peron was gaining a lot of recognition and in many ways Perons ideology coincided with that of the working class (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 127). The event that occurred in 1945 on the 17th of October was fundamental in the Argentinen labour movement (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 127). During 1943  and 1944, Perons support base grew tremendously due to the support received from inside the trade unions (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 127). The event that took place on the 17th October, it was the mobilisation of the working class as they demanded the nationalisation of industries, profit sharing for workers, an extensive social security system amongst other demands (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 127). Peron used the event to his advantage by becoming allied with the trade unions by getting all the government employees and their unions to mobilise against the employers who were condemning the reformist social activities and soon to be policies of the military regime (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 128). Union leaders were often eager to ensure the linkage between the military politics and themselves, this was all in 1945 (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 128). Since Peron was the Minister of Labour, he introduced the Law of Professional Associations which amplified the power of the General Confederation Labour (CGT), and also gave the government the ability to allow unions legal status, as a precondition for collective bargaining, which was on the behalf of their members (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 128). Peron chose this way forward as a response to the train drivers, textile and shoe makers unions (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 128). Though Peron was becoming increasingly popular, other military rulers were not taken by Peron, and in actual fact wanted to remove Peron from his position of power, unfortunately for the other military rulers, this did not necessarily affect Perons campaign to win over the working class (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 128). In 1946, Peron was elected into office to be Argentinas president, his first mission was to eradicate the Partido Laborista, to make way for his new party the Peronist party (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 130). Peron created his own kind of ideology, and it was known as Peronism which meant the people and so Anti-Peronism would be enemies against the people (Di Tella Dornbusch, 1989: 91). The CGT became the foundation of the Peronist party (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 131). Even though Peron had succeed in wining over unions, some independent unions under Louis Gay, posed a threat to the succees of his office and in 1947, Peron executed the resignation of Gay, in order to have full control of the labour movement, and not allow the unions to have any political presence (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 131). Peron adopted a corporatist model in Argentina, where the employers, government and unions would come together issues that affected the country (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 131). This was because in many cases, the working class would be striking, and demanding increases of wages being part of the employee contracts and yet the employees continued to refuse, but the turning point was reached in 1948, where higher wages were received due to the increase in the amount strike activity (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 136). Most of these strikes were pleads from the working class, for the improvement of working and living conditions (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 136). Peron had big plans for Argentina, one of which was to turn Argentina into an industrialised country, this was done through the creation of a steel company but by 1950 the industrialisation faced a crisis (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 137). Perons economic policies faced a lot of negative comments by the Catholic Church (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 137). It became intensified when the Catholic Church began to use armed forces in order to make changes, the Church argued that it was no longer feasible that wages could always increase and that profits and capital to keep the companies was going to decrease (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 137). Once the changes were made to the economic policies, real wage began to decrease in 1950, and the economic growth rate fell (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 137). Strike action began to rise, from 1950-1954 there were 125 strikes and 4,006,204 working days were lost (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 138). Even through the minor economic crisis Peron still soared to defend the working class (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 137). In 1955, the working class, the Peron government and CGT had a confrontation with the military, middle class and Catholic Church, many people were killed and a massacre resulted in Plaza De Mayo (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 142). The military were victorious which resulted in Peron being removed from office (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 147). The fall of Peron, caused a period of political instability, which resulted in phases where different organisations would be in office from military regimes (1955-1958), to civilian interludes (1958-1962), or even a  combination of both in 1962-1963 (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 147). In that time span, the factory floor was forced to conform to the new modern strategies that were meant to lead productivity, but two points were important at the time, which is labour resistance and the bureaucratisation of the unions (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 148). The labour resistance was often known as the Peronist resistance as socialist and communist parties became instrumental in the deterioration of Peronism, therefore trade unions became divided into Peronist, Socialist and Communist Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 148), The CGT was often divided between provinces, which resulted in the persecution of many union leaders in the Peronist resistance (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 149). Vandorism became influential in the labour movement, this was because the Frondizi government, which came into power in 1958 had began to make changes in the economic policy, by promoting the privatisation of certain factories (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 152). The state had a confrontation with the labour movement when it was decided that Lisandro de la Torre near Buenos Aires (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 152). Vandorism was greatly a bureaucratic organisation even at the grass-root level, but eventually military coup led to the fall of Vandorism in 1966 (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 157). Military coups became the usual, when from 1966-1971, Argentina went through three presidents, in 1966 it was Ongania, 1969 was Levingston and 1971 was Lanusse (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 166). A new working class emerged, where there was heterogeneity growth, internal diversification and an increase in the decentralisation on growth of labour productivity (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 168). The situation in Cordoba, was a cause for concern as the strike activity in the area increased where workers were protesting against harsh working hours (44 hour week paid as 48) and they were questioning the power of employers in reducing the national wages due to the decrease in economic growth (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 169). Peron came back in 1973 as the president which did not last for a long time, because when Peron died in 1974, his ideologies died with him (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 187). By 1983, free elections had taken place, and the  military regime began to die (223). Similarities: Argentina and South African trade union movements possess many similarities. The first similarity that was noted in both of these case studies, is the commitment of the trade unions in changing the political and economical structures of the countries, as mentioned above, South African trade unions were in constant conflict with the apartheid regime when trying to reform the structures (Baskin, 1996: 210), the same happened in Argentina, when Peron and the trade unions were at the forefront of trying to move the militant regime, in order to satisfy the needs of the working class (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 127). Industrialisation has played a large role in the history of both Argentina and South Africa, and it known that the same patterns of industrialisation existed in the countries (Cooper, 2011: 19). The type of industrialisation that occurred in both countries is that of mass production and often on the manufacturing of engineering parts (Cooper, 2011: 19). The trade unions had a large role to play in the lives of the working class during the industrial booms of the two countries, for example in South Africa in 1986 many of the mine strikes that occurred in South Africa, trade unions such as NUM and COSATU were at the forefront trying to ensure that the interests of the working class are taken into consideration, which was mainly the improvement of working conditions and wage increases, the Impala Platinum strike mentioned above is an example of solid trade union support (Baskin, 1991: 77). In Argentina 1958, there were many talks of privatisation of the factories and this would badly affect the working class as the wages were sure to decrease, in particular there was an intense labour movement formed at Lisandro de la Torre near Buenos Aires, to protest against the privatisation of the factory, Vandorist unions were at the forefront of the protests (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 152). An important similarity would be that of both countries having the labour movements under harsh authoritarian regimes, where a bureaucratic model exists and only to those it benefits (Cooper, 2011:6). Therefore in most cases in both the countries there would be large mobilisation and resistance against the authoritarian rule, as mentioned above the trade unions were  instrumental in coming up with certain policies that assisted the working class (Cooper, 2011: 6). In South Africa, the policy of the Freedom Charter is and example of the trade unions mobilising politically and formally against the apartheid regime (Budeli, 2009: 68). In Argentina, when Peron allied himself with the trade unions, and ensured that the CGT was backing him, it was a clear indication that changes and policies were going to be put into place to loosen the authoritarian control (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 128). Both countries began to rely greatly on foreign aid and foreign investments in the 1950s and 1960s, this played a large in the restructuring of the economy to suit the needs of the foreign corporations than the people living and working in the country (Cooper, 2011: 5). In South Africa there was a large increase in the expenditure on machinery in 1956 and 1960 (Webster, 1985: 9). Argentina had the same thing happen, and the governments inability to effectively deal with the political and economic conflicts gave rise to turning point strikes in the country (Cooper, 2011:19). The last similarity is that the trade unions formed in both countries wanted grass-root democracy and often socialist economic transformation (Cooper, 2011: 25). In South Africa this was done by COSATU, by introducing shop floor delegates in order to deal with the issues that the workers were having directly, this was done in a participatory manner (Baskin, 1991: 112). In Argentina, Vandorism used heavy bureaucrac y as grass root organisation (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 152). Differences: The differences found in the countries are also vital in the comparative analysis. The first difference is that the two countries often had different ideologies in their trade union and political movements, an example would be that most of the trade unions in South Africa such as COSATU had communist policies, even the ANC which as mentioned was the political party that was against the apartheid regime started of with communist political backing with SACP (Budeli, 2009: 73). Whereas in Argentina, Peron made it clear that only his policies that he implemented were to be used and in any cases trade unions who were communist were often deposed by Peron, and so the only successful trade unions in assisting the working were the ones that allied  themselves with Peron, thus the success of socialist or communist trade unions was limited or non-existent (Munck, Falcon Galitelli: 128). South Africas apartheid regime differed from the military regime in Argentina, in the sense that it occurred according to race lines, this simply means that the African unions that represented non-whites were not recognised by the government and so jobs were often just reserved for white people, and there was no protection for non-white workers from the employers (Baskin, 1996: 224). Unlike in Argentina where the labour movement, did not have to concern themselves with racial issues directly. Argentina even under the military regime did not experience the international community condemning the actions taken by government to the extent of actually placing sanctions on the economic, social and political activities in the international community, whereas South Africa had been sanctioned from the international community which was felt directly by the working class as wages became lower and the economy was crippled (Budeli, 2009: 73). Conclusion: In conclusion, Both South African and Argentinas trade unions have been instrumental in the reforms that occurred in both countries. The trade unions were not only revolutionising against the undemocratic regimes, but in the process of doing the trade unions in both countries were highly influential in making the lives of working class better through the struggles that were fought against harsh working conditions and low wages (Cooper, 2011:19). Even though the struggles in both countries lasted for many decades, labour movements in both countries, have improved since the regimes occurred, in the fight for a stronger and more effective working class. List of References: Baskin, J. 1991. Strking Back: A History of COSATU. Johannesburg: Raman Press. Baskin, J. (ed). 1996. Against the Current: Labour and Economic Policy in South Africa. Naledi: Ravan Press. Brysk, A. 1994. The Politics of Human Rights in Argentina: Protest, Change and Democratization. California: Standford University Press. Budeli, M. 2009. â€Å"Workers right to freedom of association and trade unionism in South Africa: An historical perspective†. Fundamina. Vol. 15(2) pp. 57-74. Cooper, D. 2011. â€Å"Locating South Africa in the third world: Comparative perspectives on patterns of industrialisation and political trade unionism in South America†. Social Dynamics: A journal of African studies.Vol. 17(2) pp. 1-40. Di Tella, G., Dornbusch, R. 1989. The Political Economy of Argentina 1946-1983. London: MacMillan Press. Munck, R., Falcon, R., Galitelli, B. Argentina: From Anarchism to Peronism: workers, unions and politics 1885-1985. New Jersey: Zed Books Ltd. Webster, E. (ed). Essays in Southern African Labour History. Johannesburg: Raman Press.

Overpopulation Essay -- essays research papers

Overpopulation The Book of Genesis tells the story of creation of man. God said to man, "be fruitful and increase in numbers; fill the earth and subdue it." Prior to the nineteenth century, it was believed that God would provide for those who came into the world (Day 101). But, in 1798, this view was shaken by Thomas Malthus' An Essay on the Principle of Population, in which he concluded that while population increases geometrically, agricultural production only increases arithmetically. Current evidence shows that this theory may not be far from the truth. The world population reached 6 billion on October 12, 1999, and is expected to reach 9.3 billion by 2050! The impact of population growth is already felt by a majority of nations. The U.S. population has increased by 78% since 1950. Growing at 3,000,000 per year, U.S. population is expected to approach half a billion people in 50 years. A number of factors drive this growth. At the most basic level, it is because far more people are bo rn each year than die. Advances in nutrition and health care have increased survival rates and longevity for much of the world, and shifted the balance between births and deaths. The demands of increasing population magnify demands for natural resources, clean air and water, as well as access to wilderness areas. In the future, when there are not enough resources to go around, we will see significant scarcity, and a backlash of poverty. A number of problems lie behind scarcity and poverty. Ultimately, our own numbers, and the lifestyles many of us choose to live, drive all the critical issues we confront. Left unchecked, the combination of population growth and consumption- along with increasing inequity between rich and poor individuals and nations-will soon threaten not only the well-being, but even the lives of a majority of people on this planet. When population levels reach a critical threshold, we then see both a decline in the resource base, and damage to the environment, which supplies all those resources. These trends reinforce each other - the damaged environment provides fewer resources, and the shortage of resources causes us to further damage the environment. World energy needs are projected to double in the next several decades, but no credible geologist foresees a doubling of world oil production, which is projected to peak within the next few dec... ...many enjoy today will no longer be attainable. Fortunately a future of scarcity, inequity, and conflict is not inevitable. There are steps to be taken to stabilize population such as controlling fertility. Families can currently choose to have fewer children in industrialized countries. This can also be made possible for developing countries by providing family planning, and reproductive health care. If every couple in the world could reliably and affordably choose the number and spacing of their children, world population growth would slow by nearly twenty percent almost immediately. Protection and enhancement of human rights is necessary so that all people have access to the essentials of a decent life. Improving people's social health and economic well being can move them out of poverty, and away from needing more children for survival. Solving the problem of population growth will also help solve the environmental, economic and social problems the world confronts. "The c hoices we make in the next few decades about our own numbers and lifestyles will determine whether the world of the 21st century will be one of hope and opportunity, or of scarcity and destruction."

Critical Analysis of Mark Antony’s Funeral Speech Essay

Of all Shakespeare’s works , Julius Caesar is a play that hinges upon rhetoric – both as the art of persuasion and an artifice used to veil intent. The most striking of Shakespeare is his command of language. In Mark Antony’s funeral oration for Caesar, we have not only one of Shakespeare’s most recognizable opening lines but one of his finest examples of rhetorical irony at work. The speech could serve as a thematic synopsis to Julius Caesar. One of the most important and significant parts in the play is the funeral speech given by both Brutus and Mark Antony. At first, the funeral speeches seem to have no true significant meaning. However in further investigation it is established that the speeches ultimately serve as the basis for the final outcome of the play. By exploring the speeches of both Brutus and Mark Antony we are able to focus on the important details which alter one from the other. Through this analysis we are also able to realize why Brutus’s speech becomes one of his justifications and explanations, while Antony’s becomes one of manipulation and skill. It is known that both Brutus and Antony desired to appeal to the common people. However, the way in which each man went about it differs drastically. Not only did it influence the outcome of the play, but each speech also offers a unique insight on each of the speakers. Brutus’s speech Brutus’s speech becomes one of acquittal, not only for the people of Rome, but for Brutus himself. He uses his â€Å"honor and nobility† as a shield to defend and justify his actions to the crowd. Brutus states that he has carried out this horrendous act because of his love for Rome, and for the good of the people. â€Å"This is my answer, not that I have loved Caesar less, but that I love Rome more†¦ (3. 2. 21-22). In his speech he requests that the people use their â€Å"reason† to judge him. Although this seduces the crowd, it is not until after one of the common people cry â€Å"Let him be Caesar. † (3. 2. 51) that it is realized the speech is â€Å"merely too good for them. † Brutus begins to realize that liberty is not what the people wanted, but rather that they desire a powerful leader. Although his speech serves the purpose for its practical effectiveness, Brutus later comes to discover that his lack of insight of human nature aided in the apparent hopelessness of his cause. In comparison Mark Antony fully understands human nature and uses his awareness of it in his speech. Antony appeals to the passion and the grief of the people. What Brutus failed to recognize in the people, Antony used to his best interest. He realized that the people of Rome were completely incapable of acting with â€Å"reason† and he employed this inability to manipulate and control their emotions and actions. By using Brutus’ own explanations for Caesar’s death to begin his speech, Antony proves his validity to the crowd. By questioning Caesar’s ambition, yet never actually humiliating the conspirators; He succeeds in purposely leading the crowd away from any rational defense provided by Brutus. Antony uses his own grief along with a series of lies to remove the sympathy of the people. Through his powerful and honest speech he is able to cast a shadow of doubt into the minds of the people, and the crowd begins to gaze at the true motive behind Caesar’s murder. Antony understands the needs and wants of the people and uses this to prey upon their emotions and passions. He dangles Caesar’s Will in front of the people and then quickly puts it away again, knowing that the crowd will demand that it be read. Antony also recalls memories of the cloak Caesar now wears, while revealing his bloodied body, fully aware of the havoc it will reek, but unrelenting in his quest for revenge. Antony’s Speech Antony’s performance on the bully pulpit came as no surprise. To be sure, Antony does not have it easy. He is already a man distrusted by the conspirators for his friendship with Caesar. Brutus lets him speak at Caesar’s funeral, but only after Brutus,a great orator in his own right, has spoken first to â€Å"show the reason of our Caesar’s death†. Burtus makes it very clear that Antony may speak whatever good he wishes of Caesar so long as he speaks no ill of the conspirators. Obviously Antony has two advantages over Burtus: his subterfuge and his chance to have the last word. It is safe to say that Antony makes the most of his opportunity. He even mocks the senators and merely sets the table for dissent. He progressively hits upon the notes of ambition and honourable in a cadence that soon calls both terms into question. Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears; From a rhythmic perspective, the trochaic feel of this opening immediately commands attention. The succession of hard stresses is also Shakespeare’s way of using the verse to help Antony cut through the din of the crowd. Antonoy also echoes the opening line that Brutus uses [â€Å"Romans, countrymen and lovers†],but conspicuously rearranges it; where Brutus begins with â€Å"Romans† to reflect his appeal to their reason, Antony begins with â€Å"friends†, which reflects the more emotional tact he will take throughout the rest of his speech. Remember also that Antony has entered the Forum with Caesar’s body in tow and will use corpse as a prop throughout his oration. Antony follows with a line of straight iambic pentameter punctuated with a feminine ending [ â€Å"I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him]. Here is the first irony of Antony’s speech, in that he is unequivocally here to praise Caesar. Antony is, in fact, lying. Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral,Antony returns to the actual predicate of his statement with innocuous metrical regularity. The line is all but a throway; Antony doesn’t want the crowd dwelling on the idea that he is speaking here by permission. The preceding parenthetical insertion of Brutus and the rest being â€Å"honourable men† displace his emphasis and lessens the impression that Brutus holds sway over him. In doing so, Antony effectively obeys the letter of his agreement without yielding to its spirit. But Brutus says he was ambitious; Antony contrasts his experience with what Brutus has said. The obvious implication is that Brutus and Antony have different views of Caesar. The more subtle implication is that since both men have claimed him as their friend, they have equal authority to speak on the subject of Caesar’s disposition. Antony, however, has the advantage of not needing to justify his actions. Instead, Antony can focus on sawing the limb out from under Brutus’s argument. And Brutus is an honourable man. At this point, Antony is still ostensibly speaking well of Brutus—at least to the crowd. A plebian might think that at worst, perhaps, either Antony or Brutus has made an honest mistake in his judgment of Caesar. On the other hand, the words says, ambitious, and honourable are becoming impossible to miss. Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; This is the third time in this speech that Antony utters this refrain. Every time he says this, it draws Brutus in an increasingly harsher light. The recurring repetition amplifies the question in the mind of the audience, There is a rather obscure rhetorical term for this technique; it’s known as repotia, which describes using the same phrase with minor variations in tone, diction, or style. My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, The regular iambic rhythm of the line and the feminine ending both help soften this line’s tone, which contrasts the high fervor of â€Å"O judgment! † It’s a simple metaphor that holds up well four centuries later. To Antony’s credit, the sentiment is grounded in his love for Caesar; it’s also quite telling of the character that he’s able to use this emotion in such a cynical enterprise. Throughout his speech Antony calls the conspirators honorable men. He then says, â€Å"You [the crowd] all did love him once, not without cause. What cause withholds you then to mourn for him? † This question goes against Brutus by questioning his speech when he betrayed Caesar. Now the crowd is starting to turn against the conspirators and follow Antony. Even though in his speech Antony never directly calls the conspirators traitors, he is able to call them â€Å"honourable† in a sarcastic manner that the crowd is able to understand. He starts out by citing that Caesar had thrice refused the crown, which refutes the conspirators’ main cause for killing Caesar. He reminds them of Caesar’s kindness and love for all, humanizing Caesar as innocent. Next he teases them with the will until they demand he read it, and he reveals Caesar’s ‘gift’ to the citizens. Finally, Mark Antony leaves them with the question, was there ever a greater one than Caesar? which infuriates the crowd. He then turns and weeps. Antony then teases the crowd with Caesar’s will, which they beg him to read, but he refuses. Antony tells the crowd to â€Å"have patience† and expresses his feeling that he will â€Å"wrong the honourable men whose daggers have stabbed Caesar† if he is to read the will. The crowd yells out â€Å"they were traitors† and have at this time completely turned against the conspirators and are inflamed about Caesar’s death. Antony uses the â€Å"Ceremonial† mode of persuasion in order to convince his audience that Caesar is not worthy of honor and praise. Antony must use â€Å"pathos† in order to appeal to the emotion of the audience. He must understand the disposition of the audience in order to successfully persuade his audience that Caesar truly was an ambitious man. â€Å"†¦ Bear with me; / my heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, / And I must pause till it come back to me. † (JC III ii 47) Marc Antony’s speech at Caesar’s funeral was so cunning and powerful that it caused the crowd’s loyalties to sway. Prior to Marc Antony’s oration the crowd favored Brutus and the conspirators. However, Marc Antony’s compelling discourse caused the plebeians to support him, and not Brutus. Marc Antony used three literary devices during his funeral oration, rhetorical question, sarcasm, and repetition, to successfully persuade the crowd. Although the crowd was supportive of the conspirators after Brutus’s speech, Marc Antony’s use of sarcasm in his funeral oration caused them to rethink who they should support. Conclusion Although both of Caesar’s funeral speeches seem to serve the basic purpose of appealing to the people, their dissimilarity serves as a great significance. Brutus’ speech, which appeared to be, honest becomes a speech of symmetrical structure, balanced sentences, ordered procedure, rhetorical questions and abstract subject matter, and ultimately became a speech of utter dishonesty. This along with Brutus’ lack of human insight aided in his inevitable downfall. Mark Antony’s speech on the other hand, for all its playing on passions and all its lies, proved to be at the bottom a truly honest speech because of Antony’s unconditional love for Caesar. To that extent Antony had truth on his side, making him concrete and real rather then abstract, and with this aided in his successful victory.