End of Life policies in USA and other countries Thesis

End of Life policies in USA and other countries - dissertation ExampleAdvance directives/Personal wills, life support, communication, and decision making are core to any EOL policies and shell out. Methods The literature review was carried out by Meta Analysis, using operable publications, reviews, the WHO policies and guidelines for end-of-life care. The publications were mostly concerning the US, and developed countries where there are much defined and evidence based studies carried out in this area. Conclusions Any model of the best EOL care class period or policies is generally lacking .It might be argued that the lack of a fixed and coherent model is due to the relevance of issues in EOL, such as specific ethnic settings, patient-centered needs, and family ethics and ethos. The clinical ethical dilemmas (e.g. withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment) has become quite difficult. However, it is desirable to have EOL policies adapt the model or policies to the spec ific needs and values of each patient, more than applying a fixed, although maybe comprehensive, model. Key Words End of Life (EOL) Policies Palliative bang Health Care Introduction A large number of the people who die each year, of terminal disease and, old age, though the most vulnerable amongst all of us, do not have access to End-of Life (EOL) care or policies that could ease their suffering during final days of life particularly in developing countries. The clinical ethical dilemmas (e.g. withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment) are becoming more intriguing yet , ethics consultation remain primitive and poor. Palliative care an essential aspect of End-of life (EOL) policies, nevertheless, is not uniformly practiced across the world. Although the support of family and friends is incomparable, EOL care or policy an important public debt instrument is more than often lacking in majority of countries. According to the WHO(2011), Palliative care as an approach that im proves the quality of life of patients and their families facing problems associated with life-threatening illness done prevention and relief from suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, and physical, psychosocial, and spiritual care. backdrop Literature Review Dying persons encounter unique emotional and physical challenges that are associated with dying process, support of love ones is considered irreplaceable, however, EOL care is an important public obligation ( Wilson and Ross Kerr 1998). The importance of addressing the needs of dying persons has been felt for decades (Kubler-Ross, 1973). Clinical ethical dilemmas have become quite difficult due to advances in life-sustaining interventions, an aging society, cultural diversity, and other commercial issues. According to Jonsen et al (2002) clinical ethical dilemmas should be reviewed by considering (1) medical indications, (2) patient preferences, (3) qual ity of life, and (4) contextual features. Approach and beliefs involved with wipeout and dying vary among different cultures, religions and countries (Volts et al. 1998). Due to the different needs of cultural groups it is necessary to address those needs in providing end-of-life (EOL) care (McGrath 2001), (Doorenbos and Nies 2003) in all kinds of health care settings including home based, as a growing proportion of dying persons desire home-based EOL care (Burge et al. 2003). Burgeoning aging population has necessitated more

Differences between the Articles of confederation and the new Research Paper

Differences between the Articles of confederacy and the new constitution - Research Paper ExampleThe articles created a feeble national g all overnment unequal to(p) levying taxes and regulating trade hence the quest for the new constitution that improved the stature of the government by increasing its powers (Wendel 768). The removal of the articles of confederation was delinquent to their long powers over the national government. The articles lacked a court system to impose the levying plus collection of taxes. The congress was incapable of making laws and therefore levying of taxes was difficult. In addition, the articles did not bear an automatic teller machine for enhancing trade regulation between the existing states and other countries (Young 1572). The articles could only allow only a vote per state and too many powers to states. It besides performed the functions of appointing the delegates for every state, which was undesirable. It was difficult to impose changes to the articles of confederation because there were undesirable procedures. All the states had to make amicable decisions to enhance the changes. Having all the thirteen states in agreement over changes that would affect the government was not an easy task. Nine out of thirteen states had to approve any motion put forward to enhance amendment of the articles. Another impuissance evident in the articles was the lack of a specific army to guard the nation. Each state stood separately with own affairs (Wendel 760). Every state substantial policies for their own governance, not even the passage of treaties was a responsibility of the central government. Since very state created their own money, there was a possibility of lack of bridal to their currency by other states. This created an unfavorable environment for the states to participate in trade and improve their micro economies. The unicameral legislature present in the articles provided an atmosphere that there was no power separatio n hence the national government remained weak (Young 1570). The operation of the post offices was a responsibility of the states and not the central government. The articles of confederation developed immense powers to the states. In the articles there were sections supporting assertion of wars plus coining and borrowing of finances. The central government was incapable of making the states to abide by the laws. disrespect the national governments efforts to make a nationwide currency, the currency was valueless due to existing currencies from the states (Wirkner 13). The lack of effective common currency direct to weak trade plus commerce that retarded the general economy of the United States. Vulnerability to attack by other countries plus pirates was evident due to the lack of a central army and army to safe gourd the entire populace. The articles were prevalent because of the fear instilled to the colonies by the colonial government. The authorities from the states with the fe ar instilled by the powers of the colonial government centrality of governance feared the same (Jensen 10). The articles thus provided sovereign states in terms of decision-making and freedom. The articles were an important law of the land before promulgation of the new constitution, which make a through way for changes in the government operations. The executive wanted the elimination of the articles to create room for most operations for the central government. For years, there was wishing in the ability of the

Discuss the evolution of style in Greek sculpture, naming and Essay

Discuss the evolution of style in Greek sculpture, naming and describing specific whole kit and caboodle that illustrate each of the stages you mention - Essay ExampleFor instance, one of the major statues from this period includes the Karditsa warrior, which was show in Athens another prominent statue was the mythological Mantiklos Apollo found in Thebes (Boardman). The next prominent Greek stylistic era is referred to as the classical period. The classical period is recognised as extending between 500 to cd BC (Stewart). The classical period was ushered in after the Greeks ended the Persian invasion at Marathon in 490 (Stewart). This optimism is reflected in the style, as Greek artists strove towards a new sense of realism. Among the prominent statues of this period includes Discobolos created by the artist Myron this statue depicts a man in the process of a discus throw (Stewart). The final recognized Greek stylistic period is the Hellenistic period. This era is recognized as l asting from the late 4th to the 1st century BC. (Stewart) This period witnessed greater modeled detail, as well as an attempt to demonstrate dynamic motion. The most seminal statue of this period is the Nike of Samthrace Statue, as it expertly demonstrates dynamic movement of wind silklike through the

Cyber Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Cyber Law - Essay ExampleTherefore, an analysis of all of the above will begin below, starting with the rightfulness of Najs actions and whether or not he needs to give Sarah the culture she is asking for. Advise Naja of the legality of his actions, and whether he needs to give Sarah the information she is asking for. One of the issues in this question deals with Sarahs right to privacy. The advent of new communicating technologies including the distribution of personal information the acceleration of the speed of communication through e-mail, IM, social networking and the like and the ability of employers to electronically monitor employees has made this a hot-button issue.1 As employers cannot reasonably take the Internet and e-mail away from their employees without nuisance the come withs efficiency, in that respect must be a balance between the need for employers to provide the Internet for business-related functions and reasonable personal use, and the employees tendency to abuse their privilege. Therefore, employers increasingly plication to tools such as monitoring employee e-mail and Internet usage, and disciplining employees who abuse the privilege.2 Employers typically do this with software that reads, intercepts and monitors employees electronic e-mail and Internet usage, much to the consternation of legion(predicate) employees.3 At present, employers can lawfully intercept, search and read any messages stored in workplace computers because courts have ruled that employees have no expectation of privacy in workplace electronic communications.4 As employee abuse of e-mail and Internet privileges can have severe consequences - in addition to lost productivity, such abuses excessively open the employer up to security breaches, viruses and hacking, not to mention that employees commit crimes against their employers more than third parties5 - there is a definite need for employers to subject their employees to surveillance. Then there is the issue of cyberslacking, which is just like it sounds employees abusing their privilege and taking away valuable company time with their personal on-line activities, which leads to loss of productivity and theft of company resources.6 However, employees have rights as well, and there are a number of different UK cases and statutes that are implicated in employee surveillance. One such is the Human Rights Act 1998, which states in Article 8 that everyone has a right to respect for his privatecorrespondence.7 Courts have interpreted this particular Act in a variety of ship canal that would be pertinent to the question of employee surveillance. For instance, the court in Halford v. UK 1997 I.R.L.R. 471 (1997). This court found that intercepting phone calls made from an employee on business premises was a breach of the employees privacy.8 This decision was upheld in Valenzuela Contreras v. Spain (1998) 28 E.H.R.R. 4839 and Douglas v. Hello Ltd. 2001 QB 96710. Other decisions pertinent was th e decision in Niemitz v. Germany (1992) 16 E.H.H.R.R. 97, in which the search of a lawyers magnate invaded his private life.11 However, the right to privacy is not absolute if the employer has a legitimate concern that is being furthered by the seizure, which a surveillance would be considered to be, then the employer would be held to be

Why did Hurricane Katrina effect women more then men Research Paper

Why did Hurricane Katrina effect women more then men - Research Paper ExampleShe thought that it would only be scoop up if she give away her baby in order for it to have improved chances of survival. It is free not known whether the mother and her child reunited or are still separated. From these stories, one thing beyond doubt is that the people who suffered mostly from the disaster are women and their children (Tarshis, 2011).Women in New Orleans formed 54% of the population. Women made up about 80% of the individuals left behind to take care of themselves after the storm. More than one in five women residing in New Orleans, and 15% of either family in New Orleans outlast below the poverty level compared to 14.5% countrywide. Single, mother-headed households form 56% of all families in New Orleans (Butterbaugh, 2005). Half of these families live below the poverty level. These classes of women were living on these limits even before the calamity struck. After the disaster, matte rs got much worse than they were before the disaster. In conclusion, women were the worst hit grouping by the hurricane. It would have been only fair to consider them more in the relief programs since they deserve to be

I have a very important lab for statics class Report

I have a very important for statics class - Lab Report cuticleA fracture may be experienced if a logical argument continues beyond the proportionate limit. At zero the graph is starting to form linearity, stock-still it reaches at 100 when it starts to decrease which can be associated with the proportionate limit. b) The graph of stress against strain reduced in a range just bigger than the original portion. 2. a) Straine) is the fractional length change of a stretched real, while stress (?e) is the force per unit area of the stretched stuff. Therefore, deformation is a change in the size or shape of the object. Strain= Stress = and has SI units which are the equal as those of pressure N/m2 or Pa . Where A is the initial cross-sectional area, Lo is the initial gauge length , and L is the change in gauge length. According to Hookes law, the deformation is proportional to the deforming forces as long as they are not too large. F= k L where k is constant and it depends on the l ength and cross sectional area of the object. So Hookes law written in stress will be = And length change is ( L) is proportional to the magnitude of the deforming forces, Y depends on the inherent stiffness of the material from which the object is composed. k = Y , therefore, Y is the constant of proportionality called Youngs modulus which will be given by the slope of the stress-strain curve. Youngs modulus or elastic modulus has the same units as those of stress (Pa or N/M2) and can be thought of as the inherent stiffness of a material because it measures the resistance of the material to elongation or compression. So, materials that stretch easily and are flexible such as rubber have low Youngs modulus. While materials that are stiff such as steel have high Youngs modulus it takes a lager stress to produce the same strain. From selective information youngs modulus is calculated as change in y-axis divided by change in x-axis Y (slope) = = = 2.117610 Youngs modulus (E) from the data is 2.117610Pa b) Yield stress is the stress which is required to deform the material it is at that point when a permanent deformation takes place. It is usually at 0.2% in this case of aluminum yield stress begins at 0.4%. At the point there is intersection between strain and yield stress and strain is called off-set stress. As strain is increased, many materials eventually deviate from this linear proportionality, the point of departure being termed the proportional limit. This nonlinearity is usually associated with stress-induced plastic ?ow in the specimen. Here the material is undergoing a rearrangement of its inseparable molecular or microscopic structure, in which atoms are being moved to new equilibrium positions. This plasticity requires a mechanism for molecular mobility, which in crystalline materials can arise from dislocation motion. Materials lacking this mobility, for instance by having internal microstructures that block dislocation motion, are usually brittl e rather than ductile. The stress-strain curve for brittle materials are typically linear over their full range of strain, eventually terminating in fracture without appreciable plastic flow. c) Ultimate stress/ strength is the level best stress that can be withstood without breaking. It is the stress which is called true stress it is calculated as = ?u - ?0.2 The stress at the ultimate strain is calculated as shown below ?t= ?u (l+e) where ?t= 0.2, e=11918.55 ?t= ?u

Hot Springs of Glenwood Coloradotheir geological origin Essay

Hot Springs of Glenwood carbon monoxidetheir geological origin - Essay ExampleThe pee thus rises to the top of the come along through the rocks. Hot springs can also occur when there are faults in the region. Faults are layers (cracks) in the Earths crust that are the will of differential motion within the crust. The faults enable surface water to penetrate to depths where it is heated.When we talk about igneous or thermal springs, these are defined as springs where the temperature of water lies significantly above the mean annual air temperature of the region. A mineral spring is defined as one that contains a reading of cd parts/million of total dissolved solids. (Tarbuck p274) Both types of spring are found from Mexico to Alaska. In the case of the thermal springs in the mountainous regions, their formation tends to be quite consistent. As rain falls on the surrounding peaks, it percolated into the rather porous sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accum ulation of sediment- mineral crystals, particles of minerals and rocks, citizenry of organic matter, or chemical precipitate, which solidifies into layered rock. As the water continues to descend through the rock, it picks up a variety of materials, everything from radium to sulphur. Also, as it moves further on a lower floor the surface, it heats up from the primal heat of the Earth. Eventually, it encounters the large thrust fault and now as water descends behind it, these faults forces the now heated water to ascend along the fault-line to surface as a hot or warm spring. Also critical in the creation of a hot spring, is an express route to the surface. If the water moves slowly from depth to the surface, it will cool back down before it bubbles out as a spring. Luckily, since many of these springs occur in limestone formations, the openings allowing the water to the surface may be enlarged by dissolving of the limestone to create a virtual pipeline to the surface. This assures a quick trip and warm waters. Tertiary volcanism and mineralized hot springs have produced the existing geologic environment in the Glenwood Springs area. These volcanic activities led to the present day Rock Mountain regions in which the Colorado River carved its mark. Glenwood canyon was formed by the Colorado River as it eroded into the southern flank of the White River Uplift. During the Pleistocen Ice Ages, rates of down cutting were accelerated due to frosty melting that caused heavily, over-loaded streams. This erosion allowed for the seeping of water into the deep crevices of the earth, which somewhere met with the heated rocks and returned filling the many springs of Glenwood. Most of W Colorado is occupied by the Colorado Plateau, where deep canyons have been formed by the action of the Colorado, Gunnison, and other rivers. Colorado has a mean elevation of c.6,800 ft (2,070 m) and has 51 of the 80 peaks in conglutination America over 14,000 ft (4,267 m) high, thus laying claim to the name top of the world. (McTiighe p237) Colorados eastern expanses are part of the High Plains section of the Great Plains. On their western edge the plains give way to the Rocky Mountains, which run north-south through central Colorado. The mountains are divided into several ranges that make up two largely parallel belts, with the Front Range and a portion of the Sangre de Cristo Mts. on the east and the Park Range, Sawatch Mts., and San Juan Mts. on the west. Mt. Elbert (14,433 ft/4,399 m) is the highest peak in the U.S. Rocky Mts. (McTighe, 1984, p111) The