Eminent Domain- Melvin M. Brandt Holding and Trust vs. United States Essay

Eminent Domain- Melvin M. Brandt Holding and Trust vs. United States - Essay ExampleThe power of eminent knowledge base therefore gives the state powers to take over demesne in and property and use it for public utility. This power does not consider the private haveers hence goes in front to take over the private property and use it for public interest whenever there is need. However, the state takes care of the welfare of the stirred parties, after the process has been filed in the court then besides compensation can be determined in the trial. Eminent domain is wide and does not only entail land and property but also patents, trade secrets and copyrights (V). However the amendment that states that the taking of land of property should only be for public and not any other purposes and that the affected parties should be justly compensated is to be adhered at all timesHowever the us supreme court has consistently differed to the right of states to make their own determinations of public use (Wolf, USA Today News). Therefore always involves itself with offering fair judgments to cases involved with eminent domain. The court further insists that the preferred measure of just compensation should be a fair market value while putting into rumination the properties highest and best use. However this measure of compensation has been highly criticized because it omits from consideration a variety of incidental economic losses that a taking of land inflicts on its owners when they are evicted from their land and their businesses (Wolf, USA Today).Brandt concerns a quiet subaltern action filed by the federal government involving a ten acre strip of land in Wyoming over which decades of failed educateways operated in 1908, the government per tented thus granting land to Marvin and bang Brandt a plot of land including a portion of what was subjected to be the right of way.Several years later, the rail road abandoned the right of way. By the year 2004,the rail roa d had completed removing the track road and thus the

Nazi Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nazi Germ all - Essay ExampleHowever, we know that ethnic nationalism is the focal point of Hitlers ideology. Nationalism gives rise to unity which can subvert the efforts and has a power to bring change at large. Due to this confrontation between racism and nationalism, Nazism has faced strong criticism from the nationalists around the world. This effect led the nations towards extreme destruction and annihilation of the millions innocent people. Moreover, we cannot ignore the fact that this ethnic nationalism was the main root-cause of the Second World War and the main conclude for disrupting the international peace. The sole purpose behind mass destruction and violence was to create and sustain the supremacy of the Aryan race and to fulfill the motive Hitler get across all the borders of intolerance and abhorrence for other nations, considering them as inferior and substandard nations with low-grade races. This increased aggression and hatred for other inferior nations led tow ards terrific militarism (Fest). It was plain and clear to observe from the facts that Nazis had a deep desire to dominate the greater part of the world which led them to apply any approach that could swear out them to achieve their goals. Hitler had an innate desire to stretch his regime towards east-side and to let his people to settle down in the most prosperous states. ... This ethnicity violence and hatred for iodine another benefited Hitler who already had his ideology based on ethnic nationalism (Curta). Josip Broz Tito, a communist and nationalist stood as the toughest contender for Hitler to proceed in Yugoslavia. Nazis considered the southwesterly Slavs as low-grade nations with no background and inferior to Aryans. South Slavs and nationals from east side faced more hatred by Hitler as compare to any other nations that have been victimized by him. It was evidently cleared that he considered them as non-humans and had a degrading feeling for them. After the invasion, t hey were treated with the utmost humiliation. They were proscribed for better education, basic needs as well as any act of kindness was forbidden for them (Curta). They were viewed as racially inferior group by the Reich. Invasion of Yugoslavia and the Initial Military Resistance (Encyclopedia Brittanica) 6th April 1941 marked the beginning of Directive 25 which resulted in the in the Axis( mostly German) attack on Yugoslavia and inwardly in 11 combat days the Royal Yugoslav army had unconditionally surrendered to tactically and numerically superior Axis forces on 1th April 1941. The Independent cite of Croatia (Nezavisna Drzava HrvatskaNDH) thus came into being (Fest). Due to the technological and tactical prowess of the Axis forces. The Yugoslav army envisioned a war plan (R-41) that in face of an Axis attack on Yugoslavia, the different corps and army groups in Yugoslavia will retreat to the south and the 3rd Army Group would then arrange with the Greek Army to focus in Alba nia and attack the Italian forces based there. Thus, a corridor would be created where the Yugoslav and Greek armies would then meet the Allied forces in the

Against Euthanasia Essay Example for Free

Against Euthanasia EssayFreedom is defined as the power to de considerationine execution without restraint . Given this definition, is the practice of mercy killing mor eachy justifiable or wrong? The debate of freedom arises. Euthanasia is acknowledged as a tenderness killing. It is the act of putting to death painlessly or allowing to die, as by withholding extreme medical measures, a soulfulness or animal despicable from an incurable, esp. a painful, disease or condition. This begs the question does an individual make water the right to decide to take a nonher individuals life? Religious groups would ultimately argue euthanasia is a crime against life. (Citation?)The issue of morality and ethnics atomic number 18 proposed. Is it moral to kill some one to take them out of their pain, as opposed to letting them live hurt? This is when spirituality comes into opposition with human rights.Euthanasia is a controversial issue that compares ones quality of life to ethics. It can be viewed as a make believe of self-annihilation or a constellation of being merciful. Even so, does humanity have the right to determine if someone should die or not? Those who are governed by a faithful touch sensation may get together euthanasia as practiced against gods will. However, others may believe mankind has the choice over their own lives (Remove comma) and that the belief of god is a theory. Economic costs and human resources are legitimate arguments as to wherefore euthanasia may be an acceptable option. Yet, could financial problems type one to consent under pressure?Euthanasia denotes good death in Greek. This begs the question does a good death exist? Despite it being acknowledged as painless, arguably it is still finish offous. Society is forbidden to commit murder, making euthanasia contradictive, since it is allowing one to take the life of another. (Perhaps it may be adjuvant here to define murder.) Medically, euthanasia is the norm and portrayed as a gracious practice. Morally, it is dissipated and seen as an immoral exercise. Even though euthanasia is a merciful killing, it does not change the fact that it is murder. This practice is unethical and unrighteous. It should be internationally forbidden and prohi telephone numbered.In 1999, Dr. Jack Kevorkian was sentenced to a 10-25 year prison term for giving a lethal injection to doubting Thomas Youk, a man who was in the final stages of amyotrophic . (Perhaps here you can explain a little bit about the disease, i.e. what it does, what this mans life was like, what kind of pain he was in, what his future (if any) would hold.) Kevorkian saw his actions as a deed. Kevorkian stated that he has helped more than 130 people since 1990. The self-abnegation party focused on the issues surrounding euthanasia, while the prosecution concentrated on Dr.Kevorkians actions associated with Michigans equitys. The prosecutor stated, This case is about what Jack Kevorkian did, and what he did under the law under the state of Michigan is commit murder. This trail did not touch base on the political aspect of euthanasia, but on the ethnical side. Thomas Youk videotaped himself consenting Dr. Kevokian to take his life, yet Dr. Kevokian was still charged with committing a crime. This is proof euthanasia is wrongful. There is no difference between Dr. Kevorkian and a medical operating surgeon when it comes to taking a life the practice is still murderous. The court undercoat him guilty since his actions were unlawful meaning in general euthanasia can arguably be found a crime.A similar case in Saskatchewan occurred when Robert Latimer murdered his severely disabled daughter, Tracy, on October 24th, 2008. The reasoning for Latimers immoral act was he could not bear to witness his daughter woeful from a severe form of cerebral palsy. He killed her by placing her in the back of his Chevy pickup, ran a hose from the exhaust to the cab, and watched her die. Latimer was conv icted on November 4, 1993 of first-degree murder. The following year he was convicted of sulphur-degree murder. This begs a question what is the difference between Latimers actions, killing his daughter who suffersfrom excruciating pain, and a medical student who was given permission from a loved one to kill an individual who is similarly suffering from a brutal pain? A doctor must(prenominal) receive authorization to kill a patient who is overly sick.Doesnt Latimer have the right to take his own daughters life, since a doctor would have had to ask him anyways to have the right to kill Tracy? Latimer supposedly saved his daughter from being in pain, which is the same reason why some(prenominal) individuals chose to give permission for those who are not physically in good health to undergo euthanasia. His methods were the same as a person with a medical degree. He watched an innocent individual die. Latimer was punished since his act was seen as wrongful. So why it is that eut hanasia is seen as merciful killing? Many thought Latimers behavior could be compared to the act of euthanasia, since its comprehend as a compassionate homicide. How could a man who watches his daughter die is seen as a merciful killing? Obviously it was not, which is why he was sentenced for second degree murder. Are you suggesting that these decisions be taken out of the hands of qualified medical personnel? You could make reference to the qualifications of doctors in these situations it could contribute to your essay.John Pearson, natural in June 1980 in Derby City Hospital, was diagnosed with Downs syndrome (http// http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2600923.stm.) and was left-hand(a) in the care of a specialized consulting pediatrician, Dr. Arthur. Three days later, Pearson was found dead. Dr. Arthur was later charged with the babys murder. He was allegedly asked by the parents to take the life of this child, whom he killed by starvation. In November 1981, Dr. Arthur was acquit ted of murder (http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2600923. stm), collectable to him taking the life of a child with the parents consent. (If he was acquitted of murder, you cannot call him a murderer. You can refer to him as an alleged murderer, but because he was not convicted, anything else would be inappropriate.) This is proof that the practice of euthanasia is causing other individuals to believe they have the right to take the life of someone in their family whom is suffering from a disease or disability. (Are you suggesting this newborn was able to make their own decision as to whether or not they wanted to live with this disability? If so, why do we not allow children to make more decisions at a younger age? Why not let elementarystudents vote, for instance, or enroll into their own legal contracts? Make sure your stances are logical and well thought out. The more times you allow an opposing view to poke holes in your statements the more difficult it will be for you to stay credible.) John Pearson may have not been as privileged (Remove comma) as others in society due to his disability, but he did not deserve to die.It can be argued that euthanasia is form of suicide. This outrages religious groups who see this practice as immoral (Remove comma) and against the word of god. suicide denotes the killing of one self.(Citation?) Euthanasia, a majority of the time, occurs when individuals decide to medically kill someone who is undergoing crucial agony. This practice can be perceived rather as murder. Murder kernel to cause to die put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly (http//www.thefreedictionary.com/commit/suicide). (This statement and the one previous should be laid earlier on in the essay. You can then make reference to it here if necessary.) Either or, euthanasia is condemned by many religious laws. The Jewish horizon states that instances of euthanasia should be dealt with as such any form of active euthanasia is strictly prohibited and condemned as plain murder(http//www.aisha.com/societywork/science /Doctor-Assisted_Suicide.asp). Talmudic and Rabbinic sources state, unmatched who is in a dying condition is regarded as a living person in all respect (Talmud Smachot 11). The Jewish religion also believes One may not close the eyes of a dying person (Talmud Smachot 11).Rabbi Merri interprets this saying as, It is to be compared to a sputtering candle which is get rid of as soon a person touches it so too, whoever closes the eyes of a dying person is compared to have taken the soul (http//www.aisha.com/societywork/ science /Doctor-Assisted_Suicide.asp). Islam also criticizes euthanasia. Muslims see life as being sacred, since Allah provided it to them. Allah decides how long each human being will live, not a doctor. It states in the Quran 532, If anyone kills a person unless it be for murder or spreading mischief in the land it would be as if he killed the whole people(http//www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/i slam/islamethnics/ euthanasia. shtml). The Quran 3145 clearly establishes, And no person can ever die except by Allahs leave and at an appointed term (http//www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethnics/euthanasia. shtml).This recipe also applies to Christianity. The Catechism of the Catholic Church (2003) states All forms of suicide and euthanasia remain strictly prohibited, but questions of moral culpability and eternal salvation are left open (http//www.acu-cell.com/suicide.html). In the Orthodox Church decisively is in opposition of euthanasia and considers it as, as form of suicide on the part of the individual, and a form of murder on a part of others who assist in this practice, both of which are seen as sins. The Church does not expect that excessive and heroic means must be used at all costs to prolong dying, as has now become possible through technical medical advances (http//www.acu-cell.com/suicide.html). Depending on your citation style requirements, this quote s hould probably be in block format since it is longer than 40 words.)Internationally, there are over 3.3 billion Christians, Muslims, and Jews who are opposed to euthanasia (http//www.spaceandmotion.com/Theology-World- godlinesss.htm) . However, Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist groups make up 850 million of the worlds population (http//www.atheistempire.com/reference/stats/index.php). Atheists question the truth in religion accordingly they do not recognize euthanasia as a sin, or as a form of suicide. (Are you suggesting that all of these people believe euthanasia is a positive thing?) Even though theology is governed by powerful messages, its still not a reliable source. Religion is still seen as just a theory, since it is just a belief. Humanity has not yet seen or conversed with a higher power, so the religious information provided to mankind has not been proven.On January 11, 2003 Dr. David Jerrrey wrote a letter to the editor of the newspaper the Financial Times. In the l etter he stated, Terminally ill patients often fear being a burden to others and may feel they ought torequest euthanasia to relieve their relatives from distress (cite). Given economic situations, many patients and families of the patients feel pressured by medical figures to turn to euthanasia. Michael Prowse wrote in the newspaper the Financial Times, published January 4th 2003, If euthanasia became socially acceptable, the sick would no longer be able to trust either doctors or their relatives many of those earnestly counseling a painless, dignified death would be doing so mainly on financial grounds. Euthanasia would become a euphemism for assisted murder (Michael Prowse). Many feel psychologically pressured to consent to voluntary euthanasia because they maybe a financial burden to their loved ones. However, those who do personally require euthanasia without being forced will allow this practice to continue. Humanity has the choice of fundamental principles, being they believe they should be allowed to make the decision if they want to die, since its their own life.There is a shortage of hospital space, so those who have slim chances of living may feel that by them dying another who has a greater chance of life can have more attention by medical care (Michael Prowse). These arguments can be seen as a valid, which may overrule the fact that euthanasia is murderous. Individuals may sympathize with those who are in great pain, and feel they cannot continue on with life. Despite these intellectual reasons, euthanasia is a form of murder, and a practice that should be banned.Euthanasia is a deliberate act of killing. Since the beginning of mankind our world has been exposed to laws that forbid murder. In the cristal Commandments, thou shall not murder, (Citation?) has influenced recent laws. This ethnical issue must be solved, but with the help of communities (Remove comma) and countries. There are two forms of euthanasia that must be focussed on active euth anasia, or inducing or assisting in the death of a person, who is undergoing intense suffering and who has no practical hope of retrieval (cite), and passive euthanasia, which is withholding life-saving equipment or treatment, by medical equipment I mean surgeries, chemotherapy and other treatments beyond basic food, water, warmth, care and personal attention (cite). Each form must be individually looked at. Passive euthanasia is what society must accept. Active euthanasia contradicts thelaw (Remove comma) and commandments. The money that is being put into re-create and other scientific practices should be put towards cures that can stop the diseases which cause individuals to turn euthanasia.The truth is mankind continues to play the role of god. Our world is presently exposed to cloning organ transplants, etc. (If this is a strictly formal essay, refrain from using etc. Rewrite your sentence to something like Our world is presently exposed to such morally compromising issues such as cloning and organ transplants.) This allows one to think that euthanasia will become a dominant practice internationally. to a greater extent will rely on it (Remove comma) and see it as a consideration in their decision whether or not they want to live or die. Religion does contain truth. Only nature should have the power to decide when it is our time to go, but as technology continues to advance it provides mankind with the choice to determine ones life or death.Illnesses do cause families grief and to suffering, but if humanity started to believe in faith again, maybe euthanasia would have to significance, (This is not a logical sentence please clarify.) since we just lack hope. A doctor diagnoses a patient with cancer and automatically the patient senses death. What happened to believing in miracles and fate? Maybe mankind no longer believes in miracles merely because our world continues to destruct by war, poverty, and violence. We now turn to an easy way out, since the p ush seems too long. Euthanasia is just a way to control our population and economy. It is a homicidal act that should be immediately stopped internationally. Dr. Jack Kevorkian, Robert Latimer, and Dr. Arthur (Remove comma) were all charged with murder because they chose to practice euthanasia without medical consent. These three men were charged with murder, which proves this operation is murderous (Remove semi colon) despite it having the word medical slowly it. If a doctor performs euthanasia on a normal individual it should be equally weighed because it is a deliberate act of murder. Theology condemns euthanasia simply due to it being considered a form of suicide or murder. Individuals are pressured into euthanasia because they are sick and their life becomes less important than one that is healthy.

Fallacies Assignment Essay Example for Free

F anyacies Assignment EssayThe source in question is a response to the episode of Oprah that featured an expose of pup mills. The person posting to the site makes several arguments that attempt to support the claim that animal breeders argon responsible for pet overpopulation, all based on fallacies. Overall, the source makes an evoke to the readers emotions. One such argument is that Ive bided in the rescue trenches for over ten years of non-stop blood, sweat and mostly tears. This statement is non only an appeal to emotion due to the mostly tears statement, besides it is also an appeal to emotion in that it focuses on the negative aspects of rescue and with the reference to being in the trenches, the writer comp atomic number 18s being in rescue to war (par. 3). The writer makes an appeal to authority, citing Oprah as an example of the desirability of adopting a pet, stating that she has been educated and that if Oprahs who she appears to be that she would adopt her cont erminous pet (par. 6).The writer follows up this appeal to authority with an ad ignorantiam, with the question how could she not? implying that adoption would be the only way that a reasonable person, in this case, Oprah, would acquire another pet. In addition, the writer makes a red herring argument about the nature of the purebred dog, stating that it is a manipulated creature and t herefore is not worth having. How this argument relates to the argument about overpopulation is neer made clear, other than that it demonizes breeders and owners of purebred animals.Finally, the writer makes two statements of innuendo. The first of these is the implication that the reader and Oprah are some(prenominal) foolish if they dont realize that Oprah can get her purebred screw up Spaniels from sources other than a breedernot pausing to make the connection that all purebreds have their argument with a breeder, good or bad. The writer also makes the comment that she challenges the reader to volunteer with a breed rescue to get a big battery-acid of reality, implying that the reader is ignorant and that only by doing what the writer has already done can the reader understand the truth. The entire post made by the writer is based on fallacies in that location is not a single attempt to support these assertions with fact. Although there is some good argument for adopting a pet from a shelter, the writer seems to prefer to make arguments that will either inflame or confuse the reader, rather than providing good information to the reader. Reference Not all breeders are bad. (2008). Message 17. Retrieved from http//www. oprah. com/community/message/370577 17. Re NOT ALL BREEDERS AND PETSTORES ARE BADApr 6, 2008 338 PM The bottom cable is that it doesnt matter. The bottom line is that we are in a huge, crushing pet overpopulation crisis. HUGE. How is that conveniently write outd by the people who make more dogs for money? Ask yourself, What is your pet stores former? Mo ney. Ironically, thats what matters the most in all business. Sure there are responsible breeders. But who cares? These responsible breeders are still part of the problem adding more pets into a pet overpopulation crisis of unbelievable proportions.Youre still dealing with a really unethical issue here making more dogs for money while millions die. Can you ignore that? How can you make that o. k. in your mind? Ive volunteered in the rescue trenches for over ten years of non-stop blood, sweat and mostly tears. I can sit here right now and tell everyone reading this that you can adopt any kind of dog you want. Any kind. Big or small. Whatever breed. You know wherefore? Because owners are irresponsible and dump the pets same so much garbage because theyre moving. Or theyre having a baby.Or whatever else stupid reasons Ive heard. Its a disposable society. on that point are rescues working for nothing to save these animals. Who are you going to believe has the best interests of the an imals at heart? The non-profit rescues, or the deary Store/Breeder industries who are in it for one reason only to make money? The breeders will tell you that theyre doing it for the preservation of the breed or some such thing. The truth is that there are are a whole lot of these same purebreds dying because there arent enough homes.The purebred rescues dont have any shelter facilities they cant sustain them, vertical like any rescue cant. They rely soley on foster homes. When youre full, youre full. So for those of you thinking, Well, the rescues will save them, it just isnt true. There are just likewise many. Finally, lets think about what a purebred dog is. Its an animal that has been manipulated by man through breeding practices to have certain traits that man wants. Thats all. Purebreed dogs were never just naturally born that way.They were manipulated over the years to become breeds by men. So if you truly want a purebred dog, theres only one Natures purebred. Never mani pulated, never messed with. Thats why mutts are always healthier and have natural immune systems. Thats why Golden Retrievers have such a high incidence of pelvic arch Dysplasia, for example. As for Oprah, she has been educated. All of us, at one point in our lives, didnt know what we know now. If shes who she appears to be, then she will adopt her next Cocker from a Cocker rescue.How could she not. (Btw, there are three Cocker Rescues in the city I live in, two Golden rescues, two Doxie rescues and it goes on and on just like that with every breed. ) To suggest that Oprah could have only gotten her PURE BREED Cocker Spaniel from a breeder is absolutely ignorant and completely ludacris. You are clueless as to what is really going on out there. People dump their animals (which they bought from pet stores and breeders) and the rest of us who care about them and not money are left wing to care for these innocent animals.A dog is a precious gift, not a purchase that has monetary value and as such, can be throw away or sold again through the paper. Sorry I suggest a big dose of reality. I challenge you to go and volunteer for your local Cocker Spaniel rescue. You will not ever be the same again and one day, you will wonder how you could have worked in a Pet Store that sells animals. Ever hear of Petsmart? Huge corporation. They refuse to sell animals. Ask yourself why. And please, go educate yourself. I took in a scarred up two year old Shar Pei mix whom I found wandering on an Indian Reservation.She is the most loving, loyal, gentle, silly, playful and amazing dog anyone could hope for. Are you in truth going to tell me that her life is worth less than a purebred Cocker Spaniel from your store Her life and the life of the dogs in your store are all priceless. PRICELESS. Get it? Lets start changing our thinking, people, for the sake of all animals. Until there are no more adopt. Dont Breed or Buy while Homeless Animals Die. Sorry, but Pet Stores and Breeders a re losing ground and for good reason..

The factors, which affect demand Essay Example for Free

The factors, which affect claim EssayDemand is the quantity of goods or services consumers will barter for at a particular price, at a particular time period. Market affect refers to the sum of individual demand for a good or service. It is assumed that the demand being represented is effective demand- the ability of consumers not just to want, but be able to buy the product. Quantity demanded is the inverse work on of price, however there are other factors which influence the level of demand.Factors influencing individual demand differ from the factors influencing market demand. The price of other goods and services affects the demand for a product. If a product has close substitutes, then the responsiveness of demand to falsify in price is high. The level of income of an individual also influences demand (especially effective demand). The higher(prenominal) ones income the number of wants to be satisfied. People on higher incomes spend more money on goods and services in absolute terms, but less in proportional terms due to their lower average propensity to consume. Personal preference and trends in fashion also dictate the level of individual demand.The size of the population, age composition, distribution of people by sex, and socio-economic status influence the market demand. Big businesses study the composition of the population to best establish their most viable market place. Both consumer expectations and the level of technological progress influence market demand.These factors may affect demand either positively or negatively, resulting in an enlargement or contraction of demand. The following model works on the assumption that aside from price all other factors will be kept constant.When the demand curve skys to the right or left this results in consumers willing to buy more/less of the product at every possible price. A shift in the demand curve could be resulting from changes in tastes, real income, population size and composition, co nsumer expectations or technological progress. These factors often work simultaneously to increase or decrease demand. However these factors do not apply similarly to all goods. The demand for generic brand products decreases as income rises.The price elasticity of demand refers to the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. Elasticity is represented by the mathematical formula where the change in quantity demanded is divided by the change in price. If the resulting coefficient is less than one, the product is said to be inelastic. Thus, if prices change by a great proportion than quantity demanded, the product is inelastic. This applies to basic goods and services, necessities such as bread, and habit-forming goods such as cigarettes.A good is unit elastic if the coefficient of the equation is qualified to one. Thus the proportional change in price is equal to the proportional change in quantity demanded. If the proportional change in quantity is greater than th e change in price, then the product is said to be elastic. These goods and services are usually quite durable, and high priced such as furniture. There are usually lots of close substitutes, and the industry of the good or service is very competitive. These concepts of elasticity can be visually represented by the gradient or slant of the demand curve. The steeper a curve, the greater the inelasticity, as changes in quantity demanded is quite small.The elasticity of a product is important to governments and producers in making economic conclusions. For producers, the elasticity of a product determines every possible price changes. If a product is elastic for example, a price rise may lead to lower total revenue as demand sharply drops. Over the long term businesses try to overcome elasticity by building consumer goodwill and brand loyalty through advertising. Governments, likewise ferment elasticity to maximise total revenue. Governments usually impose high taxes on relatively ine lastic goods such as alcohol and tobacco. Despite the higher be of the product, the demand remains relatively similar, and thus governments earn more from their taxation policy.Both demand and elasticity work in conjunction to influence the decision making process of business and government. They are subject to change due to a number of external factors, yet help in maintaining equilibrium in themarket.Graphs*demand curve*expansion and contraction in demand*shifts in the demand curve*elasticity

Malaysian People And Culture

Malayansian citizenry And CultureThere has been a rich literature on issues pertaining to domestic crisis involving unlike ethnic groupings. According to the bill of many an(prenominal) another(prenominal) a(prenominal) countries with various ethnic compositions, racial or ethnic crisis has been inevitable. Malaysia as a inelegant with diverse ethnic and religious groups is not resistant to this situation. In order to understand the culture of Malaysia, its ethnic classification needs to be well understood. In go out of this, there is a need to peruse the different characteristics of the different groups to suck up an in-depth knowledge on the role culture play in the Malaysian coexistence. interrogation QuestionThis study will basically attempt to find answers to the following research questions stated belowDoes culture play any role in the Malaysian society?Is the govern manpowert encouraging unity among the battalion?Significance of the studyThis paper will provide an i nsight on how the people of Malaysia stretch forth unitedly in peace despite their different ideological looks.Objective of the studyGlobally, a growing number of countries argon attempting to find a long-lasting solution to the ethnic and religious crisis. Generally, this paper attempts to explore the historical background of the Malaysian people and the role of their cultural heritage in the present twenty-four hour period Malaysia.Scope of the studyAs a result of duration constraint, this research paper is restricted to library based and the resources used be textbooks, journal artistryicles and meshing information.KeywordsOrang Asli (original people), Babas and Nyonyas (some of the natal people that married to the Malays and wee combine their culture with theirs), Perankans ( natural in Malaysia Chinese).Historical BackgroundSeveral superior themes in Malaysian explanation atomic number 18 essential to understand the contemporary Malaysian society. Malaysia with an argona of 329 750 sq km (127,317 sq mi), comprises of two non adjacent areas Peninsular Malaysia (previously West Malaysia), on the mainland of Asia, and two states which is Sarawak and Sabah, recognized collectively as East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. Relatively, Malaysia has large area compared to the state of New Mexico. Peninsular Malaysia, project southward from the mainland of Asia, comprises an area of 131,587 sq km (50,806 sq mi), lengthen 748 km (465 mi) SSE-NNW and 322 km (200 mi) ENE-WSW. It shares the border with Thailand on the North, and East by the South China Sea, on the South is the Strait of Johore, and on the West is the Strait of Malacca and the Andaman Sea, with a agree boundary length of 2,068 km (1,285 mi). Sarawak, covers an area of 124,449 sq km (48,050 sq mi), on the northwest coast of Borneo, lengthen 679 km (422 mi) NNE-SSW and 254 km (158 mi) ESE-WNW. It is surrounded by Brunei on the N, Sabah on the NE, Indonesia on the E and S, and the Sout h China Sea on the W. Sarawaks boundary length of 2,621 km (1,629 mi). which is located at the northern end of Borneo, Sabah with an area of 74,398 sq km (28,725 sq mi), a length of 412 km (256 mi) E-W and a width of 328 km (204 mi) N S . The Balabac Strait at the N, Sulu Sea at the NE, to the SE is the Celebes Sea, to the S Indonesia, to the SW Sarawak, and to the W the South China Sea, with a total boundary length of 2,008 km (1,248 mi). The total boundary length of Malaysia is 7,344 km (4,563 mi), of which 4,675 km (2,905 mi) is coastline.Malaysias population was estimated at 27 730 000 in 20081. The country has ethnic groups with the majority groups comprise of Malay. Of the total population, 5.44 million Malaysians live in East Malaysia and 21.2 live in Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian population continues to grow at a rate of 2.4% per annum about 34% of the population is under age of 15. Malays and other Bumiputera groups make up 65% of the population, Chinese 26%, Indians 8% a nd other unlisted ethnic groups 1%2.Malaysia got its independence from the British colonial Masters in 1957. It formally came into universe on kinfolk 16, 1963. The Environment and people of Malaysia was subsequently established in this year. The Federation of Malaysia comprises of the long peninsular land mass which separates the Indian Ocean from the South China Sea, in concert with the northern quarter of Borneo moreover excludes the small state Brunei. Peninsular Malaysia covering 131 573 square kilometer (sq km), is made up of eleven states Perlis, Kedah, Penang, Perak, Selangor (with the Federal Capital filth of Kuala Lumpur), Melaka, Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan. At 795sq km, Perlis is the smallest state, magical spell Pahang (35 694sq km) is the largest after Sarawak. The island of Singapore, which was spot of Malaysia surrounded by 1963 and 1965, is now independent. The Borneo territories, Sabah( formerly British North Borneo), Sarawak, an d the federal territory of the island of Labuan, together cover roughly 198 000 sq km, but are separated at the closest point from the peninsula by over 530 kilometres (km). Kota Kinabalu (previously Jesselton), the capital of Sabah, is 864 km from kuching (Sarawaks capital) and more than 1600km from Kuala Lumpur.The terrain of both the peninsula and Borneo is characterized by coastal plains giving focusing to a rugged mountainous interior. The spine of the peninsula is the main Range, running roughly north-south for 483km and varying from 914 meters to 2134 meters (m) above sea level.Both peninsular Malaysia and the Borneo states lie between 2 and 6 north of the equator. The climate is uniformly ranging from 25.5 to 33, except at high altitude where the nights are considerably cooler. The passing of the seasons is not label by variations in temperature but by the changes in rainfall, which in turn are related to the cycle of the monsoonal winds. Throughout most Malaysia, the rain fall averages from 2000 milliliters (mm) to 4000mm per annum, but there are many variations between different regions. There is no truly dry season but some region may be considered wetter than others.Although Malaysian poop is not really fertile but heavy rainfall and warm temperatures provide almost perfect conditions for growth of the equatorial forests. Most of the original forests have now been removed to make fashion for settlement, roads, communication, and the development of commercial agriculture and industries. Similarly, some jungle areas have been substantially reduced by heavy log over the last two decades, especially Sabah and Sarawak.The varied composition of Malaysias population remains one of its most distinguishing features. The dominant ethnic group in Malaysia is the Malays, who are above half per cent of Peninsular Malaysias population. The category of Bumiputera in Peninsular Malaysia include other numerically small but historically important indigenous group s kn testify as orang Asli (son/ daughter of the soil).Among the peninsulas non-indigenous population, includes a range of different groups such as Arabs, Armenians, Eurasians, Filipinos and many others. The main communities are the Chinese and the Indian. The Chinese and Indian are mainly descendant of migrant who arrived to work in the colonial economy.The national language which is Malay has been the most important means of linking the nation together. English is widely use in schools as a medium of instruction but Malay remains the official language and as well use as medium of instruction especially in government-owned schools. Other commonly spoken languages include Mandarin by Chinese and Tamil by the Indians and numerous regional languages.The match of religion and cultural traditions within Malaysian society is complex. Several religions co-exist in Malaysia, helping to accentuate regional and ethnic distinctions. The spread of Islam was predominantly for Malays and as su ch the countrys religion is Islam, and all Malays are by right, Muslims.The historical extension of Islam within the present day Malaysia helps to account for the dichotomy between Malays, Chinese, and Indian. The divisions within the Malaysians in term of religious belief have been so pronounced during the Sultanate era. Some Indigenous groups have adopted Islam or Christianity while some significant numbers racket game retained their ingenious religions. Some Chinese are Muslims, but majority are Bhudist, Confucianist or cabal of these.Malaysia and Singapore are the only two countries in Southeast Asia that have held elections at regular intervals since they became independent. The head of the state is called (yang dipertuan agung) which is among the sultans of the Peninsular states. Malaysia as a federation, granted the Borneo territories special right when they joined. Malaysia has successfully maintained co-operation and concord among its different communities despite their disturbing racial and ethnic violence.In terms of literacy, in 2009, Malaysias literacy rate was estimated at 91.9% on average with higher rate for women than men3. Malaysian government provides government supported education with compulsory attendance for primary education4. The education system consists of pre-school which is basically provided by private bodies, while primary, secondary, pre-university and tertiary education are provided by both government and private bodies.IntroductionMalaysia is unique in the community of nations in its combination of diverse people and culture who live in harmony and has become a model to many communities. With independence, the state acquires the distinct characteristic of a multi-ethnic citizenry with many shared experiences and collective memories of living in a land that was once ruled by Britain (Keong, 2007).Culture and ethnicity provide vital information that is rattling given(p) to understand the setting and way of life of a partic ular society. Culture and its significant role in human behavior has been recognized for many years, as far back as Hippocrates from the classical Greek era (see Dona, 1991). A culture is the name given to the sensible manifestations created by ethnic groups- the actual language, art forms, religion, social order and achievements of a particular ethnic group. Culture and ethnicity are directly dependent upon each other in a symbolic race (Betancourt and Lopez, 1993).Culture is essential to set up an order and regulation in the society. It does not only a mean the way people communicate, but in like manner creates a feeling of belonging and togetherness amongst people in the society.Every society has various cultures, where a specific language, traditions, behaviors, perceptions and beliefs is shared among the people. Culture provides them an identity that makes them distinctive and different from people of other cultures. When people of different cultures migrate and settle in a new society, the culture of that society turn out to be the dominant culture and folks of the immigrants form the subculture of the community. Usually, people who settle in other nations take in the new culture while at the same time struggle to conserve their own.Even though every society has a definite culture, there are certain basics of culture that are universal.The physical features and geographic location of past and current of Malaysia influenced how the people of the region live and contribute to the way they interact with each other. This applies equally to events at the local as well as the national level which tends to explain why some features of Malaysian culture continue to be significant and been maintained.This paper will try on the race, culture, religion, and various ethnic adaptations of the Malaysians as a whole. The discussion will survey decades of Malaysia multi-ethnicity prior to independence. The aborigines (Orang Asli) and people of the nation who vary ba sed on the area and part of Malaysia they come will also be discussed. The focus of this paper will be on the pioneering spirit of the Malays and the settlers (Chinese and Indian) towards pass on of the country.The rest of this paper is structured as follows. Part A explains about people of Malaysia, while Part B.discusses the various indigenous tribes, Part C ..Discusses the main three ethnic group and Part D discusses socio-cultural and the role of goverment.concludes the paper. sight of MalaysiaThere are about 27million (2008 est.) people in Malaysia from various background. It can be said that in smorgasbord there is union because in Malaysia all the races ethnic Malays, and Indigenous people (son of the soil) Indian as well as Chinese, Eurasians and many others work and live together in harmony.In pre-modern times, environment and mode of lifestyle had a great deal of influence on the kind of social organization that shaped the way individuals relate to each other, such a sma ll population dependent on mobility might be expected to have different convections concerning marriage, child-rearing inheritance and so on.It is possible to see a set of shared beliefs common to the religious system of many of the groups indigenous to Malaysian territories. Among these is the understanding that all matter has its own spiritual essence and that well being and harmony results from their correct matching.Indigenous PeopleOne useful way of trying to understand the relationship between the diverse groups of indigenous peoples of the Malay Peninsula is to compare types of social organization and the lifestyle. When this is done, socio-cultural pattern can be recognized such as Malay, Senoi, Semang and Malayic (Hooker, 2003).Malay regulationIn contemporary Malaysia, the religion of Islam is followed by more than half of Malaysians population. Islam being a religion of adoption has developed in the Malaysian territories as elsewhere in the world but less extreme.Malay la nguage is part of the very large group known as Austronesian, whose speakers stretch from the pacific to Madagascar.Senoi PatternPeople of this pattern mainly depend on swidden (fell and burn) farming supplemented by trading. This way of life is found mainly in the mountain areas of the central part of the Peninsula. People following this socio-cultural pattern include the Temiars, Semais, Jah Hut and Btsis. There are many variations in religious system among these peoples. It is thought that spirit inhabit natural sites and have to be appeased before entering their domains.. They can ward off evil spirits and to find lost souls by seeking aid from their spirit familiars.The Semang PatternThis lifestyle is based largely on foraging (hunting and gathering). On the peninsula, small populations still follow this pattern to some degree Kintas, Jahais and so on. Their religious belief in general is similar to those of the Senoi parttern discussed earlier.Malayic PatternThis is followed b y people who combine subsistence farming or fishing with collecting of forest or marine reaping for trade. People with this style combine the Senoi and Semang pattern.. They are found in lowland areas of the Peninsula and south Sumathra, and the island in the strait Malaka.Culture of MalaysiansMalaysias ancient cultural mosaic is marked by many different cultures one of the common is the ancient Malay culture and the culture of its two prominent trading partners through out history (Chinese and Indian).MALAYS CULTUREMalays have been found as far as Africa. They are the majority race in Malaysia, comprising of more than half per cent of Malaysias population. Malays are Muslim, born of a Malay father and native speaker of Malay language. They are also called Bumiputera (the native people). Malays adopted the Arabic writing system and indigenized it and renamed it as Jawi. The Terengganu stone, which expound the obedience to Allah and His law, is thought to be the oldest Malay text i n Arabic script dating back to the 14th century.Malay subjects have the divine debt instrument never to be disloyal to their rulers, even if they behave unfairly or are unjust to them. In this system, the ruler is subject only to God. Malays are considered very gentle, due to their warmth, dignity and politeness. This attitude and inherited beliefs from their rulers enabled Malays to be accommodating and which obviously reflects in the way their country is being governed. This get and way of life has enabled them to progress more than expected when compared with other countries that they got independence in the same period.Malaysian Chinese CultureChinese are the second largest ethnic group, most descendant immigrant during 19th century. Different dialect are spoken such as Hokkies which is mainly spoken in the northern part of Penang. Cantonese in Kuala Lumpur there are other dialects like Teochew and other small dialect. Mandarin is widely used in the southern state. Malaysia C hinese culture are drawn from the culture of their ancestors Taiosm, Confuism, imbed in this culture are core values that are compatible with those advocate by various religions and societies. These values are derived from the teaching and philosophy of Confuism and many others by blending with element from local culture thus Chinese culture has produced features that are uniquely Malaysia. The Chinese traded with Malays for centuries then settled in numbers during 19th century when word of richness in the Nyayang ore south seas spread across china, the Chinese are regarded as businessmen of Malaysia. Most Chinese are Tao, Budhist and retain strong ties to their ancestral homeland (Keong, 2007).Malaysian Indian CultureIndian is the smallest of the three major groups, of these Malaysia ethnic group population most are from Tamil speaking south India who fled a poor economy and migrated to Malaysia during colonial times. Arriving in Malaysia many worked as rubber tappers, while other s build infrastructure. They brought with them Hindu and Sikh culture, unique temples, spicy cuisines, colourful garment, ornament and many others. Indian had been visiting Malaysia for many years without settling until the19th century. Hindu tradition remains strong until forthwith in the Indian community of Malaysia. There is also the chitty community in Malacca similar to the Babas and Nyonyas, it is the result of the assimilation between the Indian immigrants and local culture. though they remain Hindu, the chitties speak Bahasa Malaysia and their women dress in Sarong Kebayas instead of Sarees. However, other Indian Hindus retain their vernacular languages and dialects5.EurasiansThis group is classified as others. After Malacca was conquered by the Portuguese, in the year 1511, in order to gain control, Portuguese soldiers marriage with local women was encouraged. Descendants of the cross-cultural marriages in the 19th and 20th century are equally indicative of their English o r Dutch heritage. Malacca was at one point in time a Dutch colony.During British colonial rule, many bright students that were handpicked was given scholarships (e.g. Rhodes) to tertiary institution in the United Kingdom, Europe, and Australia, on their return to serve the government, they brought back not only the education, but also their British European culture.PeranakansThe Peranakans were first well-known when Chinese trade missions established port in Malacca in the early 1400s. Inter-relationship and marriages were faked between these traders and the local Malay women example of this was the marriage of a sultan of Malacca to Ming Princess Hang Li Poh. She came in company of some people that settled around what is known in Malacca today as Bukit China. Subsequent descendant of these Chinese-Malays were known as Straits Chinese, or Peranakan (means born here in Malay). Those who embraced Islam were also classified as bumiputeras. Even though Malacca was the Peranakan centre, their communities can also be found in Singapore and Penang. The man is referred to as baba, while the lady is referred to as nyonya. The combination of this is known as babanyonya which they combine the best of Malay and Chinese favorites among many locals and visitors alike.Malaysia for foreignersPeople visiting Malaysia today will be mesmerized by the multi-culturalism of the country, physical composition of Malays, Chinese, Indians and Eurasians, and as well as the indigenous communities in the likes of the Kadazandusuns of Sabah and the Iban of Sarawak.Based on population statistics, Malaysias population stands at around 29 million today, with about 85% living in Peninsular Malaysia, and about 15% in both Sabah and Sarawak.ConclusionMalaysia is one the young states that gained independence in the post-war era, as a country it traces its genesis to British colonial rule which expanded incrementally from 1786. Since 1963, Malaysia has been a country of three major geographical c omponents that has now led to unique identity as a multi-ethnic country.The country has become the acknowledge form of organization by which its form of government with its legitimate right of sovereignty over the Malaysians is being nurtured by shared commonalities and collective effort of its entire inhabitant. It is very clear that one of the most important objectives of any society is to realize greater referee in the society. Despite the different historical background and religious beliefs of Malaysians, the people have been able to accept one another, adapting to the cultural differences and tolerating individual religious beliefs. In support of this, the Malaysian government has also embarked on a mission of lumping together the mosaic of people of regardless of their cultural background, religion, language and other attributes (Slogan Satu Malaysia). This approach to equality of the citizenry will go a long way to bring peace and harmony to the country and subsequently, co operation and prosperity becomes achievable.

The Information And Communication Revolution Education Essay

The Information And Communication Revolution Education EssayIntroductionOne the many a nonher(prenominal) challenges facing growing countries today atomic number 18 preparing their societies and governments for globalization and the selective information and colloquy revolution. Policy makers, business executives, NGO activists, academics, and ordinary citizens are increasingly concerned with the need to make their societies militant in the emergent information economy. Globalization and technological change is a process that has accelerated in tandem over the past fifteen age and has created a new global economy powered by technology, fuelled by information and driven by companionship. The emergence of this new global economy has estimable implications for the nature and purpose of educational institutions. As the half-life of information continues to become and nark to information continues to grow more rapid, schools arouse non remain mere venues for the transmission of a prescribed set of information from teacher to student over a fixed period of time. Rather, schools mustiness promote learning, in an example the acquisition of familiarity and skills that make possible continuous learning over the lifetime. Concerns over educational relevance and quality coexist with the imperative of expanding educational opportunities to those made to the highest degree unguarded by globalization as an example, developing countries in general, low-income groups, girls and women, and low-skilled workers in particular.Information and communication technologies which include radio and television, as well as newer digital technologies such(prenominal) as computers and the Internet, rescue been touted as potentially powerful enabling nebs for educational change and reform. When delectationd appropriately, different ICT are said to help expand access to education, strengthen the relevance of education to the increasingly digital workplace, and raise education al quality by, among others, helping make teaching and learning into an engaging, active process connected to real life. However, the experience of introducing different ICT in the classroom and other educational settings all over the world over the past several decades suggests that the full acknowledgement of the potential educational benefits of ICT is not automatic. The effective integration of ICT into the educational system is a complex, multifaceted process that involves not just technology but indeed, give enough initial capital, getting the technology is the easiest part but also curriculum and pedagogy, institutional readiness, teacher competencies, and long-term financing, among others.CONTENTSICT stand for information and communication technologies and are defined, for the purposes of this primer, as a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, disseminate, store, and manage information. These technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies, radio, television and telephony. In recent years there has been a ground swell of interest in how computers and the Internet can best be harnessed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of education at all levels and in both formal and non-formal settings. But ICT are more than just these technologies, but older technologies such as the telephone, radio and television, although now give less direction, have a longer and richer history as instructional tools. For instance, radio and television have for over forty years been used for undecided and distance learning, although print remains the cheapest, most(prenominal) reachable and therefore most dominant delivery mechanism in both developed and developing countries. The use of computers and the Internet is still in its infancy in developing countries, if these are used at all, due to limited infrastructure and the attendant high cost of access. Technology changes rapidly and so do the specific tools available for education. As new technologies are introduced, it is critical that their cost and force in various educational situations is thoroughly examined. While evidence shows that it is the actual application of the ICT tool that is the most important determinant of its effectiveness for educational purposes, the choice of tools is quite large, and each tool has its own advantages and disadvantages. Policy makers and donor groups are often bombarded with information and studies from vendors on the suitability of their particular products or services. As a result, there is a big(p) need for independent query on the appropriateness of specific ICT tools to help meet educational goals. Radio and TV have been providing educational programming in some countries for many years. Many link to new technologies, including satellite broadcasting and multi-channel learning, have the potential to crackingly increase access to education. Today, the Internet is not wide available in most developing countries, but new Internet technologies and mobile Internet centres hold promise for connecting teachers, disciples, and communities.Moreover, education has largely contributed to an increase in developing knowledge, providing an enabling environment for innovation and in building human capital required for a potential future knowledge economy. Global reforms in education and challenging ICT demands have made a remarkable shift in the structure of the enabling ICT environment and the utilization of ICT technologies in education. Such technologies have become the key driver of the digital network in an era of technology-driven education. More schools and communities now have access to ICT resources to join the global economy with knowledge workers who have 21st century skills and are inspired by life-long learning. ICT have great potential for knowledge dissemination, effective learning and the development of more effective education services. Much effort has been made towards the advancement of education and multi-literacies. However, it is generally believed that ICT can empower teachers and learners, making significant contributions to learning and achievement. Current research on the impacts of ICT on student achievement yields few conclusive statements, pro or con, about the use of ICTs in education. Studies have shown that even in the most locomote schools in industrialized countries, ICT are generally not considered central to the teaching and learning process. Moreover, there appears to be a mismatch between methods used to rate effects and the type of learning promoted. Standardized testing, for example, tends to measure the results of traditional teaching practices, rather than new knowledge and skills related to the use of ICT. It is clear that more research needs to be conducted to understand the complex links between ICT, learning, and achievement.Many of the issues and challenges associated with ICT in educati on initiatives are known by policy makers, donor staff, and educators. However, information on the nature and complexity of these issues remains limited because of the omit of good monitoring and evaluation tools and processes. Where evaluation data is available much of the work is seen to come across from important biases. Another problem in this area is the lack of a common set of indicators for ICT in education. And, where data has been collected, it is often quantitative data related to infrastructure, for example, number of computers, rather than data that can help policy makers gauge the impact of ICT interventions on student learning. If ICT are to become effective and integral tools in education, and if accountability is to be demonstrated to donors and stakeholders, monitoring and evaluation must be a priority area of focus. It is clear that there are equity issues related to the uses of ICT in education. There is a real danger that uses of ICT can further marginalize g roups already excluded or on the edge of educational practices and innovations. On the other hand, with supportive policies and careful planning and monitoring, ICTs hold out the promise of facilitating greater inclusion of such groups. While there is much research on the impact of ICTs and marginalized groups in industrialized countries, there has been limited research into these issues in developing countries. There seems to be little questioning, however, that ICTs generally give preference to schools and learners in urban areas and in areas where existing infrastructure is the best. Research related to equity and ICT to date has focused primarily on access to particular technologies. Much less attention has been given to how specific types and uses of ICTs are related to equity issues.Besides than that, about the true be of ICT in education, there have been few rigorous be studies, particularly in developing countries. Given current budgetary and resource constraints, a widesp read enthronement in ICT in education is probably not possible in most developing countries. It is, therefore, critically important to better understand the be and benefits associated with ICT types and uses in various educational situations in order to effectively target scarce resources. There is some evidence, for instance, that computers may be most cost-effective when placed in common areas such as libraries and teacher-training institutes. One of the most cost effective uses of ICT in education may be their role in improving organizational and systemic efficiencies, including combating corruption. Distance education is often cited as a cost saving investment. Indeed, economics of scale are achievable in distance education, although such programs typically require large up-front investments. Some of these costs may be shifted from the public sector to the individual users, but this in itself raises significant equity and access issues. Again, a thorough examination of the tr ue costs and benefits of distance education is required. Financing mechanisms for ICT in education initiatives are quite varied. Due to the high up-front costs and large recurrent costs, countries and communities typically employ a great variety of financing and cost recovery mechanisms. Public private partnerships and user fees are important components of financing ICTs in education in many countries, although more research is undeniable to determine the impact and effectiveness of these mechanisms.Even the use of ICT in the classroom or in distance education does not diminish the role of the teacher neither does it automatically change teaching practices. Experience has shown that a variety of support and enabling mechanisms must be utilise to optimize teacher use of ICT. While traditional teacher leadership skills and practices are still important, teachers must also have access to relevant, timely, and on-going professional development. They must have the time and resources to explore this new knowledge base and develop new skills. Support of school administrators and, in some cases, the community, is critical if ICTs are to be used effectively. In addition, teachers must have adequate access to functioning computers or other technologies and sufficient technical support. Accessing information is the main use of ICTs in education. While ICT, and the Internet in particular, provide access to a world of educational resources, those resources are rarely in a format that makes them easily accessible and relevant to most teachers and learners in developing countries. Simply importing educational content through ICT is fraught with difficulties, as well as questions of relevance to local anaesthetic needs. Experience shows that unless electronic educational resources are directly related to the curriculum, and to the assessment methods used to evaluate educational outcomes, ICT interventions may not have positive educational impacts.Furthermore, ICT can be im portant drivers for educational reform. They can help in anti-corruption efforts, aid in decentralization, and play a key role in data collection and analysis. Still, there are many policy questions around the use of ICTs in education, not the least of which revolves around which part of the government is responsible for such policies. Some of the key policy questions revolve around access, equity, finance, and best practices in scaling-up. As a relatively new field, there is no standard deposit for existing ICTs in education-related national policies. And, it is clear that successful policy formulation requires consultation with a diverse group of stakeholders, many of which may be foreign of the traditional educational system. Innovations in technology and new products are introduced in the global marketplace at a much faster pace than most educational systems are able to use them effectively. This issue of timing is an important one as educators and policymakers operate with an eye to longer term educational goals.The advantages and disadvantages of ICT in education include a range of elements such as Giving to teacher chance to plan short, timed, tightly focused activities. Planning activities across a number of sessions to allow sufficient time for all pupils to take parts. Up to date and real world technologyprepares the children for the modern world Helps pupils research topics they are canvass using a wide range of sources other than just book from their school library, Aids the pupils to get an insight into technologies that they may later rely on in future life. Using word documents it gives the pupils a chance to present their work in a style that suits them. Word and publishing documents available for pageantry work purposes.There is also a high advantage of ICT equipment aiding pupils with learning difficulties. By clicking on the word case study the following link volition take you to a case study on podcasts and the advantages of working w ith children that have learning difficulties and also shown on the secondary education page.The following disadvantages give a list of objectives that staff and facilitators may be required to deal with should problems occur throughout using the ICT equipment. Cost Training Distractions Reliability Damage Safety Hacking Resources (or lack of)As you can see I have already listed disadvantages of ICT in education and all seem costly. The initial equipment even though would be an investment and learning aid is expensive. After the initial cost there is the fact of training the staff/ facilitators to use the equipment correctly as bad usage can cause incorrect teaching to pupils. Also coming under cost is damage, as, if the equipment gets damages then the damage repair fees are required to get the equipment grit up and running. Distractions such as the internet, computer games and email are also a big disadvantage. Then we come onto safety and hacking that is discussed on the safety pa ge.CONCLUSIONSIn conclusions, the modern generation schoolchildren are growing up in an environment where information and communication technologies are encompassing almost all area of their lives. It is the debt instrument of government to prepare students with the skills and knowledge they will need to take control of their digital futures. Therefore, it is of upmost importance for teachers to integrate ICT into the curriculum. This essay will discuss the great benefits ICT have on child learning and also explore the current direction in which teachers can integrate ICTs into the classroom.Using ICTs in education develops the needed skills a child needs to use computers and other technologies. However, ICT provide a teaching strategy that engages the learner. ICT can create an exciting way to present information to students and due to the fact that ICTs engages the learner it allows the student to learn more. Another great positive of using ICTs in primary schooling is that it ad dresses the fact that each student has different learning abilities. ICT allows students to excel in their area of intelligence, for example a child who has spatial intelligence but has difficulty in written air can show their learning process through sound and pictures. The use of ICT is also beneficial to a childs learning because it covers the four fundamental teaching areas which are active engagement, group, fundamental interaction and connection with the real world. As i mentioned earlier ICTs engage the learner, however, they can also involve extensive group work and interaction with both students and ICT equipment. ICTs play a central use in society therefore, they give children a real world connection. This also gives students purpose in learner because they are using technologies that they will need to.